ABSTRAKUndang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2013 tentang Keantariksaan mengamanatkan Indonesia untuk menguasai teknologi keantariksaan secara mandiri. Namun, pemenuhan tujuan tersebut tidak mudah karena teknologi keantariksaan bersifat sensitif sehingga persebarannya dilindungi dan dibatasi oleh negara-negara maju. Wujud pelindungan tersebut adalah rezim pengendalian ekspor yang pada dasarnya bersifat soft law (hukum lunak), namun dalam penerapannya mengikat secara mutlak. Indonesia tengah menyusun sebuah Peraturan Pemerintah dengan harapan dapat meyakinkan negara-negara maju bahwa teknologi mereka akan aman di Indonesia. Tulisan ini hendak menganalisis bagaimana standar pengaturan pelindungan teknologi sensitif di negara-negara dan apakah ada kesenjangan antara praktik negara-negara dengan di Indonesia, dengan menggunakan metode perbandingan yaitu membandingkan peraturan di negara-negara (Uni Eropa dan Tiongkok) dengan peraturan Indonesia. Hasil analisis menunjukkan standar pengaturan pelindungan teknologi sensitif di negara-negara umumnya memuat (i) konsep pelindungan teknologi; (ii) penerapan rezim pengendalian ekspor internasional; (iii) daftar teknologi sensitif keantariksaan dan prinsip catch-all; (iv) perizinan dan penilaian; serta (v) pengawasan. Tulisan ini juga menemukan adanya kesenjangan antara standar tersebut dengan rancangan Peraturan Pemerintah di Indonesia.
Kata kunci: pelindungan teknologi; pengendalian ekspor; teknologi sensitif.
ABSTRACTLaw of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 Year 2013 concerning Space Activities mandates Indonesia to master space technology independently. However, fulfilling these objectives is difficult because space technology is sensitive so that its distribution is protected and limited by developed countries. Such form of protection is export control regimes which is basically soft law but, in its application, is absolutely binding. Indonesia is currently drafting a Government Regulation in the hope of convincing developed countries that their technology will be safe in Indonesia. This paper intends to analyze how the standards for the regulation of the protection of sensitive technology in some States and whether there is a gap between such practices and in Indonesia, with comparative method which is comparing existing regulations in several States (European Union and China) with Indonesian regulations. The result of the analysis shows that the regulatory standards for sensitive technology protection in States generally consist of (i) the concept of technological protection; (ii) implementation of international export control regimes; (iii) list of space-sensitive technologies and the catch-all principle; (iv) licensing and assessment; and (v) supervision. This paper also finds gaps between these standards and the draft Government Regulation in Indonesia.
Keywords: export control; sensitive technology; technology protection.
Perception differences between users and policy-makers on technology protection support system for small and medium-sized businesses