Public-Private Partnership for the Development of Space Sector in the United States and Great Britain

The article provides an analysis of modern trends in building public-private partnership (PPP), gives an overview of key studies devoted to this subject in general and PPPs in the field of space activities in particular. The authors analyze the practice of public-private partnerships in the U. S. and Great Britain on the examples of specific mechanisms, their key features, advantages and disadvantages that determine the possibility of their application in different areas of government-business cooperation in the field of space exploration. In order to find possible ways for direct application or adaptation of this experience in Russia for organizing space exploration PPPs the researchers concluded that the level of high-tech production in this country is insufficient and significant administrative barriers for attracting private sector into the space industry are still present.

New Space: The European Union’s Evolving Space Policy and Changing European Space Ecosystem

Throughout the years, the identity and institutional capacity of the European Union (EU) has changed. As a global actor in international politics, the EU has perceived the need for developing a comprehensive space policy perspective. This perspective has evolved by the changing dynamics of the space ecosystem i.e., “New Space”, and it is a phenomenon that consists of new business models, new technologies, new markets, new value chains, and new actors. New actors in space activities have drastically altered the dynamics of space activities. This paper aims to examine the new actors in the context of European space governance, and scrutinise the tendencies of space companies so as to develop a better understanding of the European space system. The article concludes that, being aware of the undeniable importance of space applications and the security of space systems, the EU attaches importance to catching the “New Space” trend in its governance structure and encouraging appropriate changes in the sector.

Space Law: Overview

Space law is composed of disparate elements of ordinary national laws and general international law. It has been created by the agreement of states as to the international law that should govern important technical and technological developments of the later 20th and the 21st century. That agreement is expressed in five general treaties; other treaty-level measures including as to the use of radio, declarations of principle, recommendations on the conduct of space activities, and by state practice. The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), serviced by the UN Office of Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), plays a significant role in the development of the many aspects of space law, as do intergovernmental and nongovernmental agreements together with informal arrangements between space-active bodies.

International legal, technical and financial challenges for implementing the concept of space traffic management

Focuses on the concept of Space Traffic Management (STM), the matter which has been of high interest for many space actors in the last three decades. With the emergence of the NewSpace era, and flourishment of commercial and economic incentives for space activities, this topic has gained the attention of many space actors in the preceding decades, thus turning into a separate agenda item in the Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. However, establishing and implementing such regulations is a challenging task, especially for new space actors. This article aims to assess the existing challenges of STM and provide solutions to overcome them. Firstly, this article provides the necessity of establishing such a regulation: it is evaluated and discussed while describing the requirements for achieving this goal. Secondly, the paper studies definitions provided by governmental and non-governmental entities regarding this concept and the measures taken towards its realising. Finally, the research discusses the challenges that space actors face regarding implementing this concept, both legal and practical. In conclusion, the authors highlight the importance of promoting endeavours and coordination among all current and potential space actors with due considerations for their relevancy.

Regulacja górnictwa kosmicznego w polskiej ustawie o działalności kosmicznej

Work on the content of the law on space activities has been going in Poland for several years. So far, the drafters have not directly referred to the issue of space mining in the content of the proposed legal act. In this context, it is worth asking whether it is valuable and permissible, in terms of international space law and EU law, to regulate in the future (Polish) law on space activity the matter of prospecting, acquiring and using space resources, i.e. so-called space mining. If space mining were regulated in the Polish space law, Poland would not be the first country to do so. The discussed issues have already been regulated in the national space legislation of the USA, Luxemburg, UAE and Japan. This paper will analyze the issues of space mining as expressed in the current drafts of the Polish space law and foreign space legislation, of space mining as a means of achieving various goals and of the compatibility of space mining with international space law and EU law.

Influence of Sustainable Development of Space Activities on Earth Ecology

In the age of New Space, faces the global problem of orbit space constraint. Sustainable development of space activities will be possible only when space users implement technologies and practices suitable to avoid accumulating objects in orbit. Artificial debris in orbital space has reached catastrophic proportions. This harm the Earth’s ecology leading to increased steps to transform a planet that is unsuitable for life. Based on the fractal analysis, the graphic interpretation of the components of SWOT-analysis of development of the rocket and space industry is built. It is found that the weak side and threat to the activities of the aerospace industry is the insufficient funding of implemented projects and inefficient distribution of finances between its components: science and production. It is proposed to use blockchain technology as an effective tool for the cybersecurity of space objects. The ecological risks from space activities that affect the Earth’s ecology are analyzed. It is proven that the prevention of severe environmental consequences and minimization of the negative impact of the above threats require the introduction of environmental management systems in space activities.

Analysis of Public Recreational Needs by User Population in South-Eastern Nigeria

This paper examined the recreational needs of the user population in South-eastern Nigeria. The study considered educational status, public awareness, degree of awareness, public recreational options, extant open space services, and reasons for low usage of available recreational facilities. The study was carried out using descriptive statistics, use of weights and relative mean scare analysis. The study showed a general loss of interest in the available public recreational facilities and services, thus leading to disregard of public recreational open spaces. This fact prompts a high rate of conversion of public recreational spaces in South-Eastern Nigeria for other uses. There is therefore the need to provoke users’ interest through classical advertisements, posting of bills and publication in both local and national dailies, particularly on the implication of converting recreational spaces in the areas being advertised. This calls for the need for public enlightenment plans in the likes of orientation programs, seminars, symposiums, recreation outreach courses and educating the masses at various levels, on the need to recreate and participate actively on public open space activities. Keywords: Recreation, open space services, public recreation, users, recreational facilities.

China's space activities gain strategic importance

Significance Its capabilities do not match those of the United States except in a few narrow areas, and may never do so, but they do have increasingly significant strategic implications. Impacts Satellite navigation is the sector with the greatest economic potential for China in the near term. Advances in the development of space weapons make arms control both more urgent and more difficult. Satellite internet and lunar mining are areas of potential China-US competition in the medium and long term respectively. China's lunar programme benefits from more consistent policies than NASA, but suffers from a smaller budget and few international partners.