From Feudalism to Commercial–Industrial Cities: Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States

Confucius lived in a period of the Zhou dynasty when China had splintered into small, independent, warring states ruled over by feudal lords whose authority was maintained not through moral behavior and genuine concern for the welfare of the people, but through laws, punishments, and force. ‘Confucius (551–479 bce) and his legacy’ shows that many thinkers attempted to address these problems, but Confucius' socio-political and philosophical teachings did not win immediate, universal acclaim. The Analects, a collection of his teachings recorded by his disciples, achieved its present form in the second century bce. Its two main concerns are: (1) what makes for a good man; and (2) what makes for good government.

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A Study on the Origin and Evolution of Shape and Structure of ‘Gui-Yi’ in Ancient China

Asian Social Science ◽

10.5539/ass.v14n8p145 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 145

Author(s):

Xiang Yang Bian ◽

Aijuan Cao

Keyword(s):

Han Dynasty ◽

Warring States Period ◽

Ancient China ◽

Origin And Evolution ◽

Warring States ◽

Zhou Dynasty ◽

Separate System ◽

Southern And Northern Dynasties ◽

Women's Dress ◽

Eastern Han

Most of the existing studies on Gui-Yi, which is a kind of ancient women’s dress of China, are barely about the interpretation of Xian (ie. a long ribbon made of silk) and Shao (ie. a hanging fabric of cloth, shaped like a swallow tail, tied to the waist) of Gui-Yi, on whose origin, development and evolution of the shape and structure there are few discussions. Based upon summarizing the literature, this paper points out that Gui-Yi in Han Dynasty was originated from a relic of San-di (ie. three kinds of ceremonial dress worn by queens in The Rites of Zhou Dynasty-a classical book in ancient China on the bureaucratic establishment system of Zhou Dynasty and the system of states in Warring States Period). In the paper, Gui-Yi is divided into two kinds according to images in archaeological studies, namely, the ‘Gui-Yi in one-piece system’ (‘one-piece system’ is Chinese robe) and ‘Gui-Yi in separate system’ (‘separate system’ is a kind of suit that consists of blouses and skirts). The former was popular in Han Dynasty, and the latter was popular in Wei &Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties. The change of the shape and structure of Gui-Yi conforms to the historical trend that the ‘Gui-Yi in one-piece system’ entered a recession in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the ‘Gui-Yi in separate system’ became a popular mainstream in Wei &Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties. In addition, the paper points out female images wearing Gui-Yi in Gu Kaizhi's paintings influenced the expression of Gui-Yi image of Wei & Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties, and Gui-Yi were gradually brought into immortal statues during painters’ artistic processing of that time.

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Bells and Music in the Zhou

The Oxford Handbook of Early China ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328369.013.22 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 470-492

Author(s):

Scott Cook

Keyword(s):

Political Stability ◽

Social Harmony ◽

Archaeological Evidence ◽

Musical Practice ◽

Warring States ◽

Zhou Dynasty ◽

Musical Institutions ◽

And Performance

This chapter describes the nature and scope of musical practice and performance during Zhou-dynasty China and the roles that music was thought to play in promoting political stability and social harmony. Following a quick overview of instrumental finds from the Neolithic and Shang periods, the chapter examines textual and archaeological evidence to provide a synopsis of instrumental types and ensembles as they developed into the Zhou, and then proceeds to describe the musical system—from the five tones (wuyin五音) to the twelve pitch-standards (liulü六律)—within which those instruments were both manufactured and performed, with particular attention to the bell and chimestone sets of Marquis Yi of Zeng 曾侯乙. The chapter concludes with a discussion of musical institutions and regulations during the Zhou dynasty, followed by a very brief overview of philosophies of music in the Warring States.

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Provenance of the Zhou Dynasty Bronze Vessels Unearthed from Zongyang County, Anhui Province, China: Determined by Lead Isotopes and Trace Elements

10.21203/rs.3.rs-176870/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yanjie Wang ◽

Guofeng Wei ◽

Qiang Li ◽

Xiaoping Zheng ◽

Danchun Wang

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Lead Isotopes ◽

Isotope Analysis ◽

Warring States Period ◽

Warring States ◽

The North ◽

Material Sources ◽

Zhou Dynasty ◽

Bronze Vessels ◽

North Bank

Abstract Thirteen Zhou Dynasty bronze vessels and two slags from Zongyang County along the north bank of the Yangtze River in Anhui were analyzed by LA-MC-ICP-MS and EDXRF. The results of the lead isotope analysis showed that there were two kinds of lead materials in the Zongyang bronzes. Class Ⅰ which could have originated from the Wannan region were mainly used in the Western Zhou and the following Spring and Autumn periods; while Class Ⅱ, possibly from the local mines in Zongyang County, were mainly present in the Warring States period. Such a shift in the ore material sources is also revealed by the analysis of the trace elements of the Zongyang bronzes. With reference to relevant historical documents, it can be inferred that the transformation of the bronze material sources could be related to the changes of the political situation during the Zhou Dynasty.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL GREENING TERRITORIES

STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. In the frame of the XXIII Agribusiness Forum of the South of Russia and the Exhibition «Interagromash» Volume 1 ◽

10.23947/interagro.2020.1.621-625 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

N.N. Krupina ◽

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Environmental Protection ◽

Ecosystem Approach ◽

Ecosystem Functions ◽

Situational Analysis ◽

Ecological Situation ◽

Barrier Potential ◽

Industrial Cities ◽

The Matrix ◽

Industrial Zones

Based on the analysis of the tense ecological situation in the industrial zones of industrial cities, the role and place of special landscaping areas in the implementation of national projects is substantiated. From the perspective of the ecosystem approach, a set of requirements and a list of priority optimization decisions regarding the planning organization of environmental protection landscaping are proposed. The matrix of situational analysis of the state and the composition of indicators for assessing the barrier potential of a territory with a special land use regime are presented.

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