Obowiązek rejestracji prasy a postęp technologiczny

The aim of the article is to show the evolution of the requirements related to publishing the press and to define the directions of new legal changes. The current regulations are inadequate to the contemporary realities of the media market and communication possibilities. The obligation to register the press can be seen as a relaxed follow-up to the authoritarian or totalitarian regimes’ requirement to obtain a license to publish a journal or a periodical. Press registration would be a democratic alternative to obtaining a press license only if certain values supported it, including the interests of other persons and entities. Currently, such interests are secured by other regulations. The considerations of the courts and legal science focus on the possible contradiction of the current regulation on the registration of newspapers and magazines with the constitutional ban on licensing the press. However, it should be taken into account to a greater extent that the dissemination of the internet and computer hardware has made it more complicated to register a periodical than to start a simple press activity. Therefore, the obligation to register the press in its present form is unreasonable.

Kalām in the crossfire: A historical survey of the legitimacy of the study of theology within the Sunni school of Islam

The aim of this article is to briefly introduce and to examine the views of the founders of the four Sunni schools of Islamic jurisprudence (namely, Abū Hanīfa Nuʻmān ibn Thābit, Mālik ibn Anas, Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfʻī, and Ahmad ibn Hanbal) and that of their renowned students and followers, regarding the legitimacy of engaging in the study of Islamic doctrinal beliefs or Kalām. Different, and often conflicting, views have been postulated on this matter. Some Sunni thinkers have condemned the pursuit of theology as an act of heresy and denounced its practitioners as apostates. Other Sunni thinkers have extolled this discipline as the noblest of sciences whose learning and teaching are, at least under certain circumstances, incumbent. This fundamental dispute regarding the legitimacy of the discipline of theology has resulted in a rather contentious and opaque scholarly environment. In addition to the inherent importance of the discipline of theology as such, the significance of this dispute is compounded by the impact that the attitude one adopts toward this discipline can have on the development of the intellectual and rational aspects of Islam. A negative attitude toward theology, for example, can hamper the application of rational elements to Islamic doctrine. Our focus in this article is on analysing the views of the leading thinkers and jurists of the Sunni school and investigating the most authoritative sources of doctrinal tradition within this major denomination of Islam. Our study leads us to conclude that the disapproving views of the preeminent Sunni figures should be construed, not as a denunciation of the discipline of theology per se, but as a refutation of certain theological principles and persuasions that are viewed as incompatible with orthodox Islamic faith. In addition to and preceding that conclusion, this article provides a survey of the literature concerning the views of Muslim scholars on the legitimacy of Kalām. After categorising these views into the two opposite camps of Kalam’s legitimacy and illegitimacy, the article then proceeds to evaluate and critically analyse them, and to resolve some of their initial incompatibilities.Contribution: The article sheds new light on the historical development of the discipline of theology within the Sunni schools of Islam. This is a little-studied and often overlooked subject that can help in attaining a better understanding of how this critical field within religious studies has emerged into its present form.

How to Read Carnatic Music on Violin

The violin is a major stringed instrument in South Indian music. It is played as the main instrument in Carnatic music and as an accompaniment to musical performances such as vocals. This is not the heritage instrument of India. Today there is no concert without Carnatic music. Thus it plays an important role in Carnatic music.The present form of this violin was composed in 16th century Italy. The violin, a folk instrument, was first used in South Indian music in the 18th century. It is also more important than any other instrument. It also plays an important role in major concerts. There are many reasons why it is played as the main instrument in Carnatic music more than any other instrument. It has developed to the point where it can be read more than any other instrument in the 20th century for various performances such as vocals, other instrumental events, orchestras, and dance performances. It is also found that Carnatic musicians (male/female) can adjust their pitch to suit their convenience. Since its introduction to Carnatic music, many great scholars have read and succeeded in Carnatic music. In addition, it plays a very important role in Palliya music and has a wide place in Carnatic music.

Perspektywy rozwoju zawodu doradcy restrukturyzacyjnego

This paper aims to determine the directions of development of the profession of restructuring advisor in Poland. The analysis of the law regulating this profession will help answer the question of whether in its present form the profession of restructuring adviser has the character of a profession of public trust in accordance with Article 17(1) of the Polish Constitution. These findings are important for determining whether the legislator should create a self-governing body of restructuring advisors, which should be a key element in establishing the principles of the profession. A direction of the discussion defined in such a way first requires a historical and legal analysis of the legislation relating to a bankruptcy administrator. This analysis culminates in a description of the process of transformation of the profession of a bankruptcy administrator into the profession of a restructuring advisor and an analysis of the current legislation, which allows determining the nature of the profession of restructuring advisor. The paper deals with the issues of how the professional self-government functions, and the ethics of the profession of restructuring adviser. It discusses the problems of currently operating organizations bringing together persons performing the profession of restructuring adviser, their status, and the validity of the legal acts issued by these entities.The above remarks on Polish legislation are contrasted with the legal situation in the Federal Republic of Germany to show the extent of the changes in this legislation in Poland over the last thirty years. In this article, attention is drawn to the need to enact additional legislation in this field in Poland. Future directions of the development of the profession of restructuring advisor as a profession of public trust are also evaluated through an analysis of both Polish constitutional law and European Union law, in particular,Directive 2019/1023 of the European Parliament and the Council relating to restructuring and bankruptcy.

APPLICATION OF 14C METHOD TO CHRONOLOGY OF THE CROATIAN DINARIC KARST—A CASE OF THE PLITVICE LAKES

ABSTRACT Karst environments preserve some of the best archives of past climate, vegetation, hydrology, anthropogenic impact, and landscape evolution providing that a reliable chronology can be established. Here we present an example of the system of the Plitvice Lakes (Dinaric karst, Croatia), which is characterized by intensive tufa and lake sediment formations. The radiocarbon dating method, combined with some other dating methods and various geochemical and isotope analyses, showed that the Plitvice Lakes system in the present form has existed for about 8000 years. Older tufa deposits were dated to warm interglacial periods. A long-term comprehensive multi-proxy study showed that all environmental compartments (atmosphere, various water bodies, soil, bedrock, DIC, terrestrial and aquatic biota, and of course various secondary carbonates) must be included in order to obtain trustworthy results.

The Smart City Ontology 2.0: Assessing the Components and Interdependencies of City Smartness

The paper is a follow-up of a previous investigation and effort to develop the ontology of the smart city (Komninos, N., Bratsas, C., Kakderi, C., and Tsarchopoulos, P. "Smart city ontologies: Improving the effectiveness of smart city applications". Journal of Smart Cities, vol. 1(1), 1-17. https://www.komninos.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/2015-Smart-City-Ontologies-Published.pdf). Since the publication of this article in 2015, research and literature on smart cities have evolved significantly, as have the technologies for digital spaces and applications that support city functions. These developments are reflected in the present form of the smart city ontology 2.0 we propose. It depicts the building blocks of the smart city ontology (technologies, structure, function, planning), and the object properties and data properties that connect structural blocks and classes. The aim of the SCO 2.0 is to provide a better understanding and description of the smart/intelligent city landscape; identify the main components and processes, the terms used to describe them, their definition and meaning; clarify key processes related to the integration of the different dimensions of the smart city, mainly the physical, social, and digital dimensions. The paper is accompanied by an owl file, developing the ontology through the editor Protégé.

Exploring the Analytical, Normative and Transformative Dimensions of Earth System Law

In this article we argue that international environmental law cannot continue to exist in its present form for the purpose of the Anthropocene. We show that analytically, international environmental law and its lawyers are unable to fully understand and respond to the complex governance challenges arising from a complex Earth system. Normatively, international environmental law has failed to provide appropriate norms to prevent humans from encroaching on Earth system limits. In a transformative sense, international environmental law has not been sufficiently ambitious to achieve the type of radical transformations necessary to ensure planetary integrity and socio-ecological justice. We need a new legal paradigm that is better suited for the purpose of the Anthropocene that must address international environmental law’s analytical, normative and transformative concerns. We call this new paradigm earth system law. Building on our recent work, we offer here some preliminary thoughts about what we think the analytical, normative, and transformative dimensions of earth system law could and should entail, and why they would be more appropriate for the purpose of governing a complex Earth system in the Anthropocene.

Gender Equality in Feminine Registers Used by Female Parents in Blitar: A Case Study of Local Wisdom of Addressing among Women with Respect to their Husbands’ Titles

The theoretical framework used in the present form is Gender Construction in content analysis. The research observed two hundred selected female parents who have practiced mixed calling among male and female genders. The Data were collected using interviews and recordings carried out through online discussion during female parental activities of the home financial industry [PKK]. The analysis revealed that during the interaction among female parents, they addressed each other's name by mentioning their husbands' names for several reasons: 1) a lack of self-confidence which is influenced by their habits of always glorifying their husbands in all their activities, 2) Javanese culture in the city of Blitar still binds them, and It is complicated to get rid of it, 3) most of the mothers still have lower occupational education than their husbands, and 4) they are more respected by others if the husband's name is always attached to every activity.

The Problem of Distinction Some Meanings of the Forms of the Present Tense in the Oldest Translation of the Explanatory Gospel of Theophylact of Bulgaria (based on the Explanatory Gospel of John)

The article attempts to distinguish between three functions of the present form – praesens historicum, expositional present, renarrative present – in the first translation of the Gospel of John with commentaries by Theopylact of Bulgaria. The translator’s choice between the present tense and the aorist or imperfect as an equivalent for the original present form seems to depend on its function. Thus, praesens historicum, though more frequent than in other ancient redactions of Slavonic translation of the Gospel, is sporadically used in the translation of Gospel within the Theophylact’s work. Еxpositional present belonging to the verbs of speech and renarrative present used in the exegetist’s retelling of the Gospel are rather consequently translated with Church Slavonic present form.