Solitons for a forced generalized variable-coefficient Korteweg–de Vries equation for the atmospheric blocking phenomenon

Investigation is given to a forced generalized variable-coefficient Korteweg–de Vries equation for the atmospheric blocking phenomenon. Applying the double-logarithmic and rational transformations, respectively, under certain variable-coefficient constraints, we get two different types of bilinear forms: (a) Based on the first type, the bilinear Bäcklund transformation (BT) is derived, the [Formula: see text]-soliton solutions in the Wronskian form are constructed, and the [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-soliton solutions are proved to satisfy the bilinear BT; (b) Based on the second type, via the Hirota method, the one- and two-soliton solutions are obtained. Those two types of solutions are different. Graphic analysis on the two types shows that the soliton velocity depends on [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the soliton amplitude is merely related to [Formula: see text], and the background depends on [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are the dissipative, dispersive, nonuniform and line-damping coefficients, respectively, and [Formula: see text] is the external-force term. We present some types of interactions between the two solitons, including the head-on and overtaking interactions, interactions between the velocity- and amplitude-unvarying two solitons, between the velocity-varying while amplitude-unvarying two solitons and between the velocity- and amplitude-varying two solitons, as well as the interactions occurring on the constant and varying backgrounds.