Photoacoustic imaging of prostate cancer

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI), also known as optoacoustic imaging, is a rapidly growing imaging modality with potential in medical diagnosis and therapy monitoring. This paper focuses on the techniques of prostate PAI and its potential applications in prostate cancer detection. Transurethral light delivery combined with transrectal ultrasound detection overcomes light scattering in the surrounding tissue and provides optimal photoacoustic signals while minimizing invasiveness. While label-free PAI based on endogenous contrast has promising potential for prostate cancer detection, exogenous contrast agents can further enhance the sensitivity and specificity of prostate cancer PAI. Further in vivo studies are required in order to achieve the translation of prostate PAI to clinical implementation. The minimal invasiveness, relatively low cost, high specificity and sensitivity, and real-time imaging capability are valuable advantages of PAI that may improve the current prostate cancer management in clinic.

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Proenzyme Forms of Prostate-Specific Antigen in Serum Improve the Detection of Prostate Cancer

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1373/clinchem.2003.026823 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 50 (6) ◽

pp. 1017-1025 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

Stephen D Mikolajczyk ◽

William J Catalona ◽

Cindy L Evans ◽

Harry J Linton ◽

Lisa S Millar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Cancer Detection ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Serum Markers ◽

Prostate Cancer Detection ◽

Good Marker ◽

Free Psa ◽

Specificity And Sensitivity ◽

Benign Prostate

Abstract Introduction: Pro or precursor forms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) have emerged as potentially important diagnostic serum markers for prostate cancer detection. Immunoassays were developed to measure specific proPSA forms containing propeptides of 2, 4, and 7 amino acids [(-2)proPSA, (-4)proPSA, and (-7)proPSA, respectively]. Methods: Research-use dual monoclonal antibody immunoassays using europium-labeled detection monoclonal antibodies were developed for each form of proPSA. Sera from patients with prostate cancer or benign prostate disease containing 4–10 μg/L PSA were assayed and analyzed by area under the ROC curve (AUC) for specificity and sensitivity. Results: The proPSA forms had quantification limits of 0.015–0.025 μg/L in serum, with cross-reactivities <1% with PSA. The sum of the proPSA forms divided by free PSA (percentage proPSA) had a higher AUC than did percentage of (-2)proPSA, free PSA, and complexed PSA with AUC (95% confidence intervals) of 0.69 (0.64–0.74), 0.64 (0.58–0.68), 0.63 (0.58–0.68), and 0.57 (0.51–0.62), respectively. The proPSA comprised a median of 33% of the free PSA in cancer and 25% in noncancer sera (P <0.0001). One-third (33%) of cancer samples had >40% proPSA, whereas only 8% of noncancer samples did (P <0.0001). In men with cancer and >25% free PSA, the (-2)proPSA had an AUC of 0.77 (0.66–0.86), with 90% sensitivity and 36% specificity at 0.04 μg/L. Conclusions: The percentage of proPSA gave better cancer detection in the 4–10 μg/L range than did percentage of free PSA and complexed PSA. (-2)proPSA significantly discriminated cancer in men whose serum had >25% free PSA, for whom there is currently no good marker for cancer detection.

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Real-Time Elastography of the Prostate

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/180804 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

D. Junker ◽

T. De Zordo ◽

M. Quentin ◽

M. Ladurner ◽

J. Bektic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Real Time ◽

Cancer Detection ◽

Digital Rectal Examination ◽

Ultrasound Elastography ◽

Surrounding Tissue ◽

Tissue Elasticity ◽

Ultrasound Technique ◽

Prostate Cancer Detection ◽

Examination Techniques

Palpation of organs is one of the oldest clinical examination techniques, for instance, if you think of the palpation of the breast or the digital rectal examination of the prostate, where hard palpable regions are suspicious for cancer. This is the basic principle of real-time elastography, an ultrasound technique, which is able to visualise tissue elasticity. Since prostate cancer features an increased stiffness due to the higher cell and vessel density than the normal surrounding tissue, real-time elastography has been used for several years for prostate cancer detection. This review introduces the different techniques of ultrasound elastography and furthermore summarises its limitations and potentials.

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