Control of Meristem Size

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munenori Kitagawa ◽  
David Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Genetic Networks ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Cell Maintenance

A fascinating feature of plant growth and development is that plants initiate organs continually throughout their lifespan. The ability to do this relies on specialized groups of pluripotent stem cells termed meristems, which allow for the elaboration of the shoot, root, and vascular systems. We now have a deep understanding of the genetic networks that control meristem initiation and stem cell maintenance, including the roles of receptors and their ligands, transcription factors, and integrated hormonal and chromatin control. This review describes these networks and discusses how this knowledge is being applied to improve crop productivity by increasing fruit size and seed number.

scholarly journals Effect of Foliar Application of Miyobi Growth Regulators on Morpho-Physiological Attributes and Yield in Chili

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-114
Author(s):  
MIK Rana ◽  
MMA Mondal ◽  
AKMA Prodhan ◽  
MG Azam
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Yield Attributes

Miyobi solution sprayed on chili plants at 30 days after transplanting. Application of Miyobi increased plant height, branch and leaf number, root length, root number, root weight, stem weight, total dry matter, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis in leaves, fruits plant-1 and fruit yield over control. Reverse trend was also observed in fruit size. Most of the morphological, biochemical, yield attributes were increased with increasing Miyobi concentration up to 0.8 mgL-1 followed by a decline. These results indicate that application of Miyobi @ 1.1 mgL-1 may be toxic for plant growth and development. Control, where only water was sprayed, showed the lowest of the above parameters. The higher fruit yield was recorded in 0.5 and 0.8 mgL-1 with being the highest in 0.5 mgL-1 (369.8 g plant-1) due to increased number of fruits plant-1. The lowest fruit yield was recorded in control (260.3 g plant-1) due to inferiority in yield attributes. However, application of Miyobi at 0.8 mgL-1 was more costly than 0.5 mgL-1. Therefore, Miyobi with 0.5 mgL-1 may be applied for increased fruit yield of chili for further recommendation few more field trials will require.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v4i2.10158J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 4(2): 111-114, 2011  

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF NANOCOMPOSITE COMPLEX BACTERIAL PREPARATION AZOHRAN ON BUCKWHEAT GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
R. E. Grischenko ◽  
O. G. Lyubchych ◽  
O. V. Glieva ◽  
A. O. Roy ◽  
I. K. Kurdysh
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Azotobacter Vinelandii ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Bacterial Preparation ◽  
Flowering Phase

Objective. To determine the influence of complex nanocomposite bacterial preparation Azohran on plant growth and development and buckwheat productivity by simulation of organic production. Methods. Nanocomposite complex bacterial preparation Azohran was produced on the basis of interaction of strains Azotobacter vinelandii IMB B-7076 and Bacillus subtilis IMB B-7023 with bentonite nanoparticles. The study of the influence of the product on plant growth and development and the yield of buckwheat of Sin 3/02 variety under simulation of organic production was carried out on the experimental field of the National Scientific Center “Institute of Agriculture of the NAAS”. Results. It has been established that presowing bacterization of buckwheat seeds with nanocomposite complex bacterial preparation Azohran significantly stimulates plant growth and development. The use of this product was accompanied by an increase in the area of the leaf surface of the plants. In the control variant, the area of the leaf surface during the flowering phase was 11.6 thousand m2/ha, and under the use of Azohran this parameter increased to 14.9 thousand m2/ha, or by 28.5%. During the cultivation of buckwheat without bacterization, the area of assimilation surface from the flowering phase to maturation decreased 2.3–2.5 times, however, the use of presowing bacterization slowed the die-off of leaf blade — their area decreased only 1.7 times during the maturation period. The content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compounds increased significantly in bacterized plants. The crop yield increased to 1.08 t/ha (by 22.7% compared to the control). The sowing of buckwheat seeds bacterized with Azohran in the soil against the background of straw plowing provided a yield increase of up to 1.3 t/ha (30%). Conclusion. Presowing bacterization of buckwheat seeds with the nanocomposite complex bacterial preparation Azohran significantly improves plant growth and development and increases crop productivity by 22.7-30%.

scholarly journals CBP/p300 orthologs CBP2 and CBP3 play distinct roles in planarian stem cell function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara R. Stelman ◽  
Britessia M. Smith ◽  
Bidushi Chandra ◽  
Rachel H. Roberts-Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Chromatin Modification ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Pluripotent State ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Cell Maintenance

AbstractChromatin modifications function as critical regulators of gene expression and cellular identity, especially in the regulation and maintenance of the pluripotent state. However, many studies of chromatin modification in stem cells—and pluripotent stem cells in particular—are performed in mammalian stem cell culture, an in vitro condition mimicking a very transient state during mammalian development. Thus, new models for study of pluripotent stem cells in vivo could be helpful for understanding the roles of chromatin modification, for confirming prior in vitro studies, and for exploring evolution of the pluripotent state. The freshwater flatworm, Schmidtea mediterranea, is an excellent model for studying adult pluripotent stem cells, particularly in the context of robust, whole-body regeneration. To identify chromatin modifying and remodeling enzymes critical for planarian regeneration and stem cell maintenance, we took a candidate approach and screened planarian homologs of 26 genes known to regulate chromatin biology in other organisms. Through our study, we identified six genes with novel functions in planarian homeostasis, regeneration, and behavior. We also identified in our list five planarian homologs of the mammalian CREB-Binding Protein (CBP) family of histone acetyltransferases, representing an expansion of this family in planarians. We find that two planarian CBP family members are required for planarian survival, with knockdown of Smed-CBP2 and Smed-CBP3 causing distinct defects in stem cell maintenance or function. Loss of CBP2 causes a quick, dramatic loss of stem cells, while knockdown of CBP3 more narrowly affects stem cells, preferentially decreasing markers of neural progenitors. We propose that the division of labor among a diversified CBP family in planarians presents an opportunity to dissect specific functions of a broadly important histone acetyltransferase family in stem cell biology.

Mechanisms of ethylene biosynthesis and response in plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Ethylene Response ◽  
Ethylene Signalling

Ethylene is the simplest unsaturated hydrocarbon, yet it has profound effects on plant growth and development, including many agriculturally important phenomena. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying ethylene biosynthesis and signalling have resulted in the elucidation of multistep mechanisms which at first glance appear simple, but in fact represent several levels of control to tightly regulate the level of production and response. Ethylene biosynthesis represents a two-step process that is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels, thus enabling plants to control the amount of ethylene produced with regard to promotion of responses such as climacteric flower senescence and fruit ripening. Ethylene production subsequently results in activation of the ethylene response, as ethylene accumulation will trigger the ethylene signalling pathway to activate ethylene-dependent transcription for promotion of the response and for resetting the pathway. A more detailed knowledge of the mechanisms underlying biosynthesis and the ethylene response will ultimately enable new approaches to be developed for control of the initiation and progression of ethylene-dependent developmental processes, many of which are of horticultural significance.

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