Role of Alternate Hosts in Epidemiology and Pathogen Variation of Cereal Rusts

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhao ◽  
Meinan Wang ◽  
Xianming Chen ◽  
Zhensheng Kang
Keyword(s):  
Alternate Hosts ◽  
Pathogen Variation ◽  
Cereal Rusts

scholarly journals Large-scale whole genome sequencing of M. tuberculosis provides insights into transmission in a high prevalence area

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Guerra-Assunção ◽  
AC Crampin ◽  
RMGJ Houben ◽  
T Mzembe ◽  
K Mallard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Transmission Networks ◽  
Tuberculosis Transmission ◽  
Recent Transmission ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Pathogen Variation ◽  
Lineage 2

To improve understanding of the factors influencing tuberculosis transmission and the role of pathogen variation, we sequenced all available specimens from patients diagnosed over 15 years in a whole district in Malawi. Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages were assigned and transmission networks constructed, allowing ≤10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) difference. We defined disease as due to recent infection if the network-determined source was within 5 years, and assessed transmissibility from forward transmissions resulting in disease. High-quality sequences were available for 1687 disease episodes (72% of all culture-positive episodes): 66% of patients linked to at least one other patient. The between-patient mutation rate was 0.26 SNPs/year (95% CI 0.21–0.31). We showed striking differences by lineage in the proportion of disease due to recent transmission and in transmissibility (highest for lineage-2 and lowest for lineage-1) that were not confounded by immigration, HIV status or drug resistance. Transmissions resulting in disease decreased markedly over time.

The Role of Alternate Hosts in the Ecology and Life History of Hematodinium sp., a Parasitic Dinoflagellate of the Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina M. Pagenkopp Lohan ◽  
Kimberly S. Reece ◽  
Terrence L. Miller ◽  
Kersten N. Wheeler ◽  
Hamish J. Small ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Blue Crab ◽  
Callinectes Sapidus ◽  
Alternate Hosts ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Alternate Hosts of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and Their Role

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 434
Author(s):  
Sajid Mehmood ◽  
Marina Sajid ◽  
Jie Zhao ◽  
Lili Huang ◽  
Zhensheng Kang
Keyword(s):  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Alternate Host ◽  
Alternate Hosts ◽  
Wheat Stripe Rust ◽  
New Races ◽  
Disease Epidemics

Understanding the interactions between the host and the pathogen is important in developing resistant cultivars and strategies for controlling the disease. Since the discovery of Berberis and Mahonia spp. as alternate hosts of the wheat stripe rust pathogen, Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Erikss. (Pst), their possible role in generating new races of Pst through sexual reproduction has become a hot topic. To date, all the investigations about the role of alternate hosts in the occurrence of the wheat stripe rust epidemics revealed that it depends on alternate host species and environmental conditions. In this review, we summarized the current status of alternate hosts of Pst, their interactions with the pathogen, their importance in genetic diversity and disease epidemics. Most importantly, the recent research progress in understanding the role of alternate hosts of Pst is provided.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The role of affect in feelings of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefen Beeler-Duden ◽  
Meltem Yucel ◽  
Amrisha Vaish
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract Tomasello offers a compelling account of the emergence of humans’ sense of obligation. We suggest that more needs to be said about the role of affect in the creation of obligations. We also argue that positive emotions such as gratitude evolved to encourage individuals to fulfill cooperative obligations without the negative quality that Tomasello proposes is inherent in obligations.

Refining our understanding of the “elephant in the room”

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Whiten
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Technological Culture

Abstract The authors do the field of cultural evolution a service by exploring the role of non-social cognition in human cumulative technological culture, truly neglected in comparison with socio-cognitive abilities frequently assumed to be the primary drivers. Some specifics of their delineation of the critical factors are problematic, however. I highlight recent chimpanzee–human comparative findings that should help refine such analyses.

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