Influence of aging on oral-pharyngeal bolus transit and clearance during swallowing: scintigraphic study

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (6) ◽  
pp. G972-G977 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Cook ◽  
M. D. Weltman ◽  
K. Wallace ◽  
D. W. Shaw ◽  
E. McKay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transit Time ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Normal Aging ◽  
Clearance Time ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Bolus Transit ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Scintigraphic Study ◽  
Pharyngeal Transit ◽  
Pharyngeal Clearance

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of normal aging on regional transit and the efficiency of bolus clearance during the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing. We compared scintigraphically derived oral-pharyngeal transit times and isotope clearance during swallowing in 21 healthy aged volunteers (mean age 68 +/- 8 yr) and 9 young controls (mean age 28 +/- 7.5 yr). Subjects swallowed 5- and 10-ml water boluses mixed with 30 MBq 99mtechnetium tin colloid. Oral and pharyngeal transit times, pharyngeal clearance time, and postswallow residual counts in each region were derived from time-activity curves. Pharyngeal residual counts were significantly greater in the aged than in controls (P = 0.0008), but age did not influence oral residual. Aging significantly prolonged oral transit time (P = 0.02), pharyngeal transit time (P = 0.0004), and pharyngeal clearance time (P = 0.0001). We conclude that normal impairs the efficiency of pharyngeal clearance during swallowing, prolongs scintigraphic measures of oral-pharyngeal transit, and increases the exposure time of the glottis to the swallowed bolus.

scholarly journals The influence of sour taste and cold temperature in pharyngeal transit duration in patients with stroke

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Cristina Cola ◽  
Ana Rita Gatto ◽  
Roberta Gonçalves da Silva ◽  
André Augusto Spadotto ◽  
Arthur Oscar Schelp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transit Time ◽  
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia ◽  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Bolus Transit ◽  
Sour Taste ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Cold Food ◽  
Pharyngeal Transit ◽  
Dysphagic Patients

CONTEXT: The effect of sour taste and food temperature variations in dysphagic patients has not been entirely clarified. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of sour and cold food in the pharyngeal transit times of patients with stroke. METHODS: Patients participating in this study were 30 right-handed adults, 16 of which were male and 14 were female, aged 41 to 88 (average age 62.3 years) with ictus varying from 1 to 30 days (median of 6 days). To analyze the pharyngeal transit time a videofluoroscopy swallow test was performed. Each patient was observed during swallow of a 5 mL paste bolus given by spoon, totaling four different stimuli (natural, cold, sour and cold sour), one at a time, room temperature (22ºC) and cold (8ºC) were used. Later, the tests were analyzed using specific software to measure bolus transit time during the pharyngeal phase. RESULTS: The results showed that the pharyngeal transit time was significantly shorter during swallow of cold sour bolus when compared with other stimuli. Conclusion - Sour taste stimuli associated to cold temperature cause significant change in swallowing patterns, by shortening the pharyngeal transit time, which may lead to positive effects in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia.

scholarly journals SWALLOWING IN PATIENTS WITH LARYNGITIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabela MODA ◽  
Hilton Marcos Alves RICZ ◽  
Lilian Neto AGUIAR-RICZ ◽  
Roberto Oliveira DANTAS
Keyword(s):  
Transit Time ◽  
Random Sequence ◽  
Acid Reflux ◽  
Bolus Transit ◽  
Normal Volunteers ◽  
Esophageal Ph ◽  
Solid Bolus ◽  
Oral Preparation ◽  
Pharyngeal Transit ◽  
Liquid Bolus

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Dysphagia is described as a complaint in 32% of patients with laryngitis. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate oral and pharyngeal transit of patients with laryngitis, with the hypothesis that alteration in oral-pharyngeal bolus transit may be involved with dysphagia. METHODS: Videofluoroscopic evaluation of the swallowing of liquid, paste and solid boluses was performed in 21 patients with laryngitis, 10 of them with dysphagia, and 21 normal volunteers of the same age and sex. Two swallows of 5 mL liquid bolus, two swallows of 5 mL paste bolus and two swallows of a solid bolus were evaluated in a random sequence. The liquid bolus was 100% liquid barium sulfate and the paste bolus was prepared with 50 mL of liquid barium and 4 g of food thickener (starch and maltodextrin). The solid bolus was a soft 2.2 g cookie coated with liquid barium. Durations of oral preparation, oral transit, pharyngeal transit, pharyngeal clearance, upper esophageal sphincter opening, hyoid movement and oral-pharyngeal transit were measured. All patients performed 24-hour distal esophageal pH evaluation previous to videofluoroscopy. RESULTS: The evaluation of 24-hour distal esophageal pH showed abnormal gastroesophageal acid reflux in 10 patients. Patients showed longer oral preparation for paste bolus and a faster oral transit time for solid bolus than normal volunteers. Patients with laryngitis and dysphagia had longer preparation for paste and solid boluses, and a faster oral transit time with liquid, paste and solid boluses. CONCLUSION: A longer oral preparation for paste and solid boluses and a faster transit through the mouth are associated with dysphagia in patients with laryngitis.

Regional pulmonary transit times in humans

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 844-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. MacNee ◽  
B. A. Martin ◽  
B. R. Wiggs ◽  
A. S. Belzberg ◽  
J. C. Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Transit Time ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Mean Transit Time ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Human Lungs ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Lower Slice ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Deconvolution Techniques

We measured the frequency distribution of erythrocyte (RBC) transit times in resected lobes of lungs in eight human subjects undergoing thoracotomy for peripheral lung tumors. RBC transit times were measured by the injection of radiolabeled blood flow and volume markers, which were counted in samples from the resected lung. In five of these subjects, the measurements from the resected lung were compared with preoperative measurements of the transit times of radiolabeled RBCs with a gamma camera-computer system. Time-activity curves from the cardiac chambers and the lung or its regions were obtained from which transit times were calculated by the centroid and deconvolution techniques. The reproducibility of transit times measured by this technique was assessed in another eight normal subjects, after sequential bolus injections of radiolabeled cells. The mean transit time of the upper lung region was longer (5.1 +/- 0.5 s) than that of the lower (4.1 +/- 0.6 s, P less than 0.05) in the preoperative study. Similarly, the mean transit time of the upper lung slice was longer (5.5 +/- 0.3 s) than that of the lower slice (3.8 +/- 0.3 s, P less than 0.05) in the resected lung specimens. We conclude that there was good agreement between these techniques and that there are long transit times in the upper regions of human lungs.

Pharyngeal Clearance and Pharyngeal Transit Time Determined by a Biomagnetic Method in Normal Humans

Dysphagia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlie A. Miquelin ◽  
Francisco J.H.N. Braga ◽  
Roberto O. Dantas ◽  
Ricardo B. Oliveira ◽  
Oswaldo Baffa
Keyword(s):  
Transit Time ◽  
Normal Humans ◽  
Pharyngeal Transit ◽  
Pharyngeal Clearance

Measurement of Renal Parenchymal Transit Time of 99mTc-MAG3 Using Factor Analysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (04) ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Yester ◽  
Eva Dubovsky ◽  
C. D. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Initial Slope ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Appearance Time ◽  
Activity Curve ◽  
System Factor ◽  
Collecting System

Renal parenchymal transit time of the recently introduced radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-MAG3 (mercaptoacetylglycylglylcylglycinel) was measured in 37 kidneys, using factor analysis to separate parenchymal activity from that in the collecting system. A new factor algorithm was employed, based on prior interpolative background subtraction and use of the fact that the initial slope of the collecting system factor time-activity curve must be zero. The only operator intervention required was selection of a rectangular region enclosing the kidney (by identifying two points at opposite corners). Transit time was calculated from the factor time-activity curves both by deconvolution of the parenchymal factor curve and also by measuring the appearance time for collecting system activity from the collecting system factor curve. There was substantial agreement between the two methods. Factor analysis led to a narrower range of normal values than a conventional cortical region-of-interest method, presumably by decreasing crosstalk from the collecting system. In preliminary trials, the parenchymal transit time did not well separate four obstructed from seventeen unobstructed kidneys, but it successfully (p <0.05) separated six transplanted kidneys with acute rejection or acute tubular necrosis from 10 normal transplants.

scholarly journals Simulating a Ground Truth for Transit Time Analysis of Indicator Dilution Curves

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-271
Author(s):  
Michael Reiß ◽  
Ady Naber ◽  
Werner Nahm
Keyword(s):  
Transit Time ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Indicator Dilution ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
In Vivo Measurements ◽  
Multiple Indicator Dilution ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Dilution Curves

AbstractTransit times of a bolus through an organ can provide valuable information for researchers, technicians and clinicians. Therefore, an indicator is injected and the temporal propagation is monitored at two distinct locations. The transit time extracted from two indicator dilution curves can be used to calculate for example blood flow and thus provide the surgeon with important diagnostic information. However, the performance of methods to determine the transit time Δt cannot be assessed quantitatively due to the lack of a sufficient and trustworthy ground truth derived from in vivo measurements. Therefore, we propose a method to obtain an in silico generated dataset of differently subsampled indicator dilution curves with a ground truth of the transit time. This method allows variations on shape, sampling rate and noise while being accurate and easily configurable. COMSOL Multiphysics is used to simulate a laminar flow through a pipe containing blood analogue. The indicator is modelled as a rectangular function of concentration in a segment of the pipe. Afterwards, a flow is applied and the rectangular function will be diluted. Shape varying dilution curves are obtained by discrete-time measurement of the average dye concentration over different cross-sectional areas of the pipe. One dataset is obtained by duplicating one curve followed by subsampling, delaying and applying noise. Multiple indicator dilution curves were simulated, which are qualitatively matching in vivo measurements. The curves temporal resolution, delay and noise level can be chosen according to the requirements of the field of research. Various datasets, each containing two corresponding dilution curves with an existing ground truth transit time, are now available. With additional knowledge or assumptions regarding the detection-specific transfer function, realistic signal characteristics can be simulated. The accuracy of methods for the assessment of Δt can now be quantitatively compared and their sensitivity to noise evaluated.

Validation of cerebral arteriovenous malformation hemodynamics assessed by DSA using quantitative magnetic resonance angiography: preliminary study

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia F Shakur ◽  
Denise Brunozzi ◽  
Ahmed E Hussein ◽  
Andreas Linninger ◽  
Chih-Yang Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Angiography ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Quantitative Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Difference

BackgroundThe hemodynamic evaluation of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) using DSA has not been validated against true flow measurements.ObjectiveTo validate AVM hemodynamics assessed by DSA using quantitative magnetic resonance angiography (QMRA).Materials and methodsPatients seen at our institution between 2007 and 2016 with a supratentorial AVM and DSA and QMRA obtained before any treatment were retrospectively reviewed. DSA assessment of AVM flow comprised AVM arterial-to-venous time (A-Vt) and iFlow transit time. A-Vt was defined as the difference between peak contrast intensity in the cavernous internal carotid artery and peak contrast intensity in the draining vein. iFlow transit times were determined using syngo iFlow software. A-Vt and iFlow transit times were correlated with total AVM flow measured using QMRA and AVM angioarchitectural and clinical features.Results33 patients (mean age 33 years) were included. Nine patients presented with hemorrhage. Mean AVM volume was 9.8 mL (range 0.3–57.7 mL). Both A-Vt (r=−0.47, p=0.01) and iFlow (r=−0.44, p=0.01) correlated significantly with total AVM flow. iFlow transit time was significantly shorter in patients who presented with seizure but A-Vt and iFlow did not vary with other AVM angioarchitectural features such as venous stenosis or hemorrhagic presentation.ConclusionsA-Vt and iFlow transit times on DSA correlate with cerebral AVM flow measured using QMRA. Thus, these parameters may be used to indirectly estimate AVM flow before and after embolization during angiography in real time.

An anatomic and physiological model of hepatic vascular system

1995 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1008-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Fine ◽  
D. Glasser ◽  
D. Hildebrandt ◽  
J. Esser ◽  
R. E. Lurie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Activity Time ◽  
Mathematical Relationship ◽  
Portal Flow ◽  
Splenic Blood Flow ◽  
Liver Activity ◽  
Transit Times

Hepatic function can be characterized by the activity/time curves obtained by imaging the aorta, spleen, and liver. Nonparametric deconvolution of the activity/time curves is clinically useful as a diagnostic tool in determining organ transit times and flow fractions. The use of this technique is limited, however, because of numerical and noise problems in performing deconvolution. Furthermore, the interaction of part of the tracer with the spleen and gastrointestinal tract, before it enters the liver, further obscures physiological information in the deconvolved liver curve. In this paper, a mathematical relationship is derived relating the liver activity/time curve to portal and hepatic behavior. The mathematical relationship is derived by using transit time spectrum/residence time density theory. Based on this theory, it is shown that the deconvolution of liver activity/time curves gives rise to a complex combination of splenic, gastrointestinal, and liver dependencies. An anatomically and physiologically plausible parametric model of the hepatic vascular system has been developed. This model is used in conjunction with experimental data to estimate portal, splenic, and hepatic physiological blood flow parameters for eight normal volunteers. These calculated parameters, which include the portal flow fraction, the splenic blood flow fraction, and blood transit times are shown to adequately correspond to published values. In particular, the model of the hepatic vascular system identifies the portal flow fraction as 0.752 +/- 0.022, the splenic blood flow fraction as 0.180 +/- 0.023, and the liver mean transit time as 13.4 +/- 1.71 s. The model has also been applied to two portal hypertensive patients. The variation in some of the model parameters is beyond normal limits and is consistent with the observed pathology.

Impulse-response function of splanchnic circulation with model-independent constraints: theory and experimental validation

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (4) ◽  
pp. G671-G680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole L. Munk ◽  
Susanne Keiding ◽  
Ludvik Bass
Keyword(s):  
Portal Vein ◽  
Impulse Response ◽  
Response Function ◽  
Mean Transit Time ◽  
Impulse Response Function ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Time Activity Curve ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Activity Curve

Modeling physiological processes using tracer kinetic methods requires knowledge of the time course of the tracer concentration in blood supplying the organ. For liver studies, however, inaccessibility of the portal vein makes direct measurement of the hepatic dual-input function impossible in humans. We want to develop a method to predict the portal venous time-activity curve from measurements of an arterial time-activity curve. An impulse-response function based on a continuous distribution of washout constants is developed and validated for the gut. Experiments with simultaneous blood sampling in aorta and portal vein were made in 13 anesthetized pigs following inhalation of intravascular [15O]CO or injections of diffusible 3- O-[11C]methylglucose (MG). The parameters of the impulse-response function have a physiological interpretation in terms of the distribution of washout constants and are mathematically equivalent to the mean transit time ( T̄) and standard deviation of transit times. The results include estimates of mean transit times from the aorta to the portal vein in pigs: T̄ = 0.35 ± 0.05 min for CO and 1.7 ± 0.1 min for MG. The prediction of the portal venous time-activity curve benefits from constraining the regression fits by parameters estimated independently. This is strong evidence for the physiological relevance of the impulse-response function, which includes asymptotically, and thereby justifies kinetically, a useful and simple power law. Similarity between our parameter estimates in pigs and parameter estimates in normal humans suggests that the proposed model can be adapted for use in humans.

Heterogeneity of gut capillary transit times and impaired gut oxygen extraction in endotoxemic pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 895-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Humer ◽  
P. T. Phang ◽  
B. P. Friesen ◽  
M. F. Allard ◽  
C. M. Goddard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Oxygen Extraction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Oxygen Extraction Ratio ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Critical Oxygen

We tested the hypothesis that endotoxin increases the heterogeneity of gut capillary transit times and impairs oxygen extraction. The gut critical oxygen extraction ratio was determined by measuring multiple oxygen delivery-consumption points during progressive phlebotomy in eight control and eight endotoxin-infused anesthetized pigs. In multiple 1- to 2-g samples of small bowel, we measured blood volume (radiolabeled red blood cells) and flow (radiolabeled 15-microns microspheres) before and after critical oxygen extraction. Red blood cell transit time (= volume/flow) multiplied by morphologically determined capillary/total blood volume gave capillary transit time. During hemorrhage, capillary/total blood volume did not change in the endotoxin group (0.5 +/- 4.5%) but increased in the control group (17.6 +/- 2.5%; P < 0.05) due to a decrease in total gut blood volume. Flow decreased significantly in the endotoxin group (36 +/- 10%; P < 0.05) but not in the control group (12 +/- 10%). Capillary transit-time heterogeneity increased in the endotoxin group (12.3 +/- 4.9%) compared with the control group (-5.8 +/- 7.4%; P < 0.05), predicting a critical oxygen extraction ratio 0.14 lower in the endotoxin group than in the control group (K. R. Walley. J. Appl. Physiol. 81: 885–894, 1996). This matches the measured difference (endotoxin group, 0.60 +/- 0.04; control group, 0.74 +/- 0.03; P < 0.05). Increased heterogeneity of capillary transit times may be an important cause of impaired oxygen extraction.

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