Water Metabolism of the Domestic Fowl From Hatching to Maturity

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Medway ◽  
M. R. Kare
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Water Metabolism ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Total Body

The total evaporative water loss, total body water by the direct method and the basal metabolic rate were determined on domestic fowl at various stages of growth. The trials were conducted on a total of 440 birds. The combined respiratory and cutaneous water loss was high on the 1st day of life, dropped to a minimum between 1 and 2 weeks of age, rose sharply at 2–4 weeks of age, then gradually tapered off to the value observed in the adult. The total body water and the total body water on a fat-free basis was quite high on the 1st day of life, then gradually decreased to that of the adult. The basal metabolic rate was low on the 1st day, rose sharply to a maximum at 2–4 weeks of age and then gradually tapered off to that of the adult.

scholarly journals Flexibility in basal metabolic rate and evaporative water loss among hoopoe larks exposed to different environmental temperatures

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (20) ◽  
pp. 3153-3159 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Williams ◽  
B.I. Tieleman
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Exposure Group ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Evaporative Water

The ‘energy demand’ hypothesis for short-term adjustments in basal metabolic rate (BMR) posits that birds adjust the size of their internal organs relative to food intake, a correlate of energy demand. We tested this hypothesis on hoopoe larks (Alaemon alaudipes), inhabitants of the Arabian desert, by acclimating birds for 3 weeks at 15 degrees C and at 36 degrees C, then measuring their BMR and total evaporative water loss (TEWL). Thereafter, we determined the dry masses of their brain, heart, liver, kidney, stomach, intestine and muscles of the pectoral region. Although mean body mass did not differ initially between the two groups, after 3 weeks, birds in the 15 degrees C group had gained mass (44.1+/−6.5 g), whereas larks in the 36 degrees C group had maintained a constant mass (36.6+/−3.6 g; means +/− s.d., N=6). Birds in the 15 degrees C group had a mean BMR of 46.8+/−6.9 kJ day(−1), whereas birds in the 36 degrees C group had a BMR of 32.9+/−6.3 kJ day(−1), values that were significantly different when we controlled for differences in body mass. When measured at 35 degrees C, larks in the cold-exposure group had a TEWL of 3.55+/−0.60 g H(2)O day(−)(1), whereas TEWL for birds in the 36 degrees C group averaged 2.23+/−0.28 g H(2)O day(−1), a difference of 59.2%. Mass-independent TEWL differed significantly between groups. Larks in the 15 degrees C group had a significantly larger liver, kidney and intestine than larks in the 36 degrees C group. The total increase in organ mass contributed 14.3% towards the total mass increment in the cold exposure group. Increased food intake among larks in the cold group apparently resulted in enlargement of some of the internal organs, and the increase in mass of these organs required a higher rate of oxygen uptake to support them. As oxygen demands increased, larks apparently lost more evaporative water, but the relationship between increases in BMR and TEWL remains unresolved.

Metabolism, Water-Balance and Temperature Regulation in the Golden Bandicoot (Isoodon-Auratus)

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Withers
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Evaporative Water Loss ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Low Rate

The Barrow I. golden bandicoot (Isoodon auratus) is a small arid-adapted marsupial. It has a low and labile body temperature, a low basal metabolic rate, a low thermal conductance, and a low rate of evaporative water loss. Its metabolic, thermal and hygric physiology resembles that of another arid-adapted bandicoot, the bilby, and differs from temperate and tropical bandicoots.

Adult Paederus fuscipes (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Beetles Overcome Water Loss With Increased Total Body Water Content, Energy Metabolite Storage, and Reduced Cuticular Permeability: Age, Sex-Specific, and Mating Status Effects on Desiccation

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 911-922
Author(s):  
Chia-Yu Wang ◽  
Lee-Jin Bong ◽  
Kok-Boon Neoh
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Desiccation Stress ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Mating Status ◽  
Cuticular Permeability ◽  
Total Body ◽  
High Level

Abstract The ability of Paederus beetles to resist desiccation stress is vital to their adaptability in various ecological niches. How water relations and their response to desiccation vary among adult beetles of different age, sex, and mating status is unclear. We examined the water relations of adult Paederus fuscipes Curtis and the mechanisms used to reduce desiccation stress. One-day-old beetles had an exceptionally high percent total body water (%TBW) content and tolerated a high level of %TBW loss. Newly emerged beetles contained a high level of trehalose and 40 to 60% lipid content of their total dry mass, which allowed them to endure desiccation. Beetles that were 10 wk old and older exhibited reduced cuticular permeability. Glucose, glycogen, and lipid contents were crucial throughout most of the adult life span, as they helped compensate for water loss via increased water vapor absorption and metabolic water. In particular, the accumulation of lipid after mating was significant and may further confer tolerance to water loss. The effect of melanization on the desiccation tolerance of beetles was not significant. Females had better tolerance in response to desiccation stress compared with males. We suggest that the observed differences between sexes likely were a function of water relations and an effect of energy metabolite reserves. However, the mortality of females at 24-h postdesiccating stage was marginally significant compared with males. These results demonstrate that P. fuscipes adults prevent dehydration using multiple mechanisms that collectively reduce desiccation stress and increase dehydration tolerance.

Validation of the doubly labeled water method under low and high humidity to estimate metabolic rate and water flux in a tropical snake (Boiga irregularis)

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy L. Anderson ◽  
Thomas E. Hetherington ◽  
Joseph B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Boiga Irregularis ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Water Efflux ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Total Body

This study uses indirect calorimetry to assess the effects of humidity on the accuracy of the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique to predict metabolic rate and water flux in brown treesnakes ( Boiga irregularis). The DLW technique accurately predicted total water efflux in brown treesnakes under low-humidity conditions and found that the total number of water molecules exchanged with the environment under humid conditions was not significantly different than maximum net total evaporative water loss under low humidity conditions plus fecal water loss. Because of changes of total body water of >12%, the DLW technique overestimated metabolic rate by a factor of 2.2 under low-humidity conditions. Under high-humidity conditions, the DLW technique overestimated metabolic rate in brown treesnakes by a factor of 4.6. Researchers using the DLW technique in humid or moist environments should be cautious because this study indicates that DLW estimates of metabolic rate may be inflated when large amounts of water vapor are exchanged through the skin or respiratory passages.

Regulation of sodium and total body water metabolism in pregnancy

1964 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 760-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane Gray ◽  
A.Bruce Munro ◽  
Ethan A.H. Sims ◽  
C.Irving Meeker ◽  
Samuel Solomon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Water Metabolism ◽  
Total Body ◽  
In Pregnancy

Water metabolism of Merino and Border Leicester sheep grazing saltbush

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 947 ◽  
Author(s):  
WV Macfarlane ◽  
B Howard ◽  
BD Siebert
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Water ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Water Metabolism ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

During late summer, Border Leicester wethers running with Merinos on a pure Atriplex nummularia stand turned over 10.6 to 17.5 litres (mean 13.7 litres) of water daily, and diluted the sodium and potassium ingested to less than 1000 m-osmoles/litre in the urine. Leicesters used 46% more water than Merinos as litres/24 hr, and 71% more as ml/kg0.82/24 hr. The two breeds produced similar urine concentrations. The sheep showed a wide variation in response, and their individual water turnovers while feeding on Atriplex vesicaria and A. nummularia ranged from 120 to 833 ml/kg0.82/24 hr. This suggests differences in functional types of adjustment to saltbush associations. On a Danthonia community Leicesters again turned over more water than Merinos but only about half as much water was required as on saltbush. Merinos grazing on A. vesicaria (with some grasses available) over 2 years maintained good condition with half the water intake of Merinos on A. nummularia, although the two species of saltbush had similar sodium and potassium contents. Total body water tended to increase with water turnover rate on saltbush. Plasma sodium concentration was inversely related to water turnover, extracellular volume, and total body water on saltbush pastures. The content of extracellular sodium was, however, greatest in the sheep with the least sodium in the food taken.

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