Water metabolism of Merino and Border Leicester sheep grazing saltbush

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 947 ◽  
Author(s):  
WV Macfarlane ◽  
B Howard ◽  
BD Siebert
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Water ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Water Metabolism ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

During late summer, Border Leicester wethers running with Merinos on a pure Atriplex nummularia stand turned over 10.6 to 17.5 litres (mean 13.7 litres) of water daily, and diluted the sodium and potassium ingested to less than 1000 m-osmoles/litre in the urine. Leicesters used 46% more water than Merinos as litres/24 hr, and 71% more as ml/kg0.82/24 hr. The two breeds produced similar urine concentrations. The sheep showed a wide variation in response, and their individual water turnovers while feeding on Atriplex vesicaria and A. nummularia ranged from 120 to 833 ml/kg0.82/24 hr. This suggests differences in functional types of adjustment to saltbush associations. On a Danthonia community Leicesters again turned over more water than Merinos but only about half as much water was required as on saltbush. Merinos grazing on A. vesicaria (with some grasses available) over 2 years maintained good condition with half the water intake of Merinos on A. nummularia, although the two species of saltbush had similar sodium and potassium contents. Total body water tended to increase with water turnover rate on saltbush. Plasma sodium concentration was inversely related to water turnover, extracellular volume, and total body water on saltbush pastures. The content of extracellular sodium was, however, greatest in the sheep with the least sodium in the food taken.

Distribution and turnover of water in Merino sheep selected for high wool production

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
WV Macfarlane ◽  
CHS Dolling ◽  
B Howard
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Body Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body

Estimates of the distribution of body water and the rate of water turnover were made on medium Peppin Merino ewes grazing on Mitchell grass association pasture in south-western Queensland during January and November. It so happened that the January measurements were made while the sheep were on lush green pasture following good rains, and that the November measurements were made on dry pasture after a number of months of low rainfall. The estimates made on each sheep included those of plasma volume, extracellular volume, total body water, plasma protein, and water turnover per 24 hr. The ewes, which were approximately 4¼ and 4¾ years of age at the times of measurement, were drawn either from a flock which had been under selection for high clean wool production per head or from a control flock in which all animals used for breeding had been chosen at random from those available. Twelve ewes from each flock were observed in January, and a different set of 10 ewes from each flock was observed in November. Body fluid compartments, as millilitres per kilogram body weight, were greater during the wet: than during the dry period. Plasma volumes were significantly greater in January than in November by 10.3% for the selected ewes and 18.2% for control ewes. The estimates of extracellular volume showed a similar significant difference between the months (15.4% for selected ewes and 17.4% for controls). The January measurements of total body water exceeded the November observations by 9.6% in the selected ewes and 11.2% in the control ewes, both increases being significant. In none of these three characteristics, however, were the selected ewes significantly different from the control ewes during either January or November. The 24 hr turnover of water in millilitres per kilogram body weight was significantly greater in January than in November by 30% for selected sheep and 51.1% for controls. The high water content of pasture during January greatly reduced the free water intake from troughs (ratio of respective water intakes of control and selected sheep was 100/123.7 in November and 1.3/1.5 in January); and the low dry matter content of the food became the major determinant of water turnover. When grazing relatively dry grasses in November, the selected sheep turned over significantly more water than did the controls (ratio control to selected was 100/113.7), but in January the turnovers were not significantly different (control/selected = 137.5/128.7).

High dietary sodium chloride consumption may not induce body fluid retention in humans

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (4) ◽  
pp. F585-F595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Heer ◽  
Friedhelm Baisch ◽  
Joachim Kropp ◽  
Rupert Gerzer ◽  
Christian Drummer
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Parallel Body

A commonly accepted hypothesis is that a chronically high-sodium diet expands extracellular volume and finally reaches a steady state where sodium intake and output are balanced whereas extracellular volume is expanded. However, in a recent study where the main purpose was to investigate the role of natriuretic peptides under day-to-day sodium intake conditions (Heer M, Drummer C, Baisch F, and Gerzer R. Pflügers Arch 425: 390–394, 1993), our laboratory observed increases in plasma volume without any rise in extracellular volume. To scrutinize these results that were observed as a side effect, we performed a controlled, randomized study including 32 healthy male test subjects in a metabolic ward. The NaCl intake ranged from a low level of 50 meq NaCl/day to 200, 400, and 550 meq/day, respectively. Plasma volume dose dependently increased ( P < 0.01), being elevated by 315 ± 37 ml in the 550-meq-NaCl-intake group. However, in contrast to the increased plasma volume, comparable to study I, total body water did not increase. In parallel, body mass also did not increase. Mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes, as an index for intracellular volume, was also unchanged. We conclude from the results of these two independently conducted studies that under the chosen study conditions, in contrast to present opinions, high sodium intake does not induce total body water storage but induces a relative fluid shift from the interstitial into the intravascular space.

Evaluation of Multi-Frequency Bio-Impedance Analysis for the Assessment of Extracellular and Total Body Water in Surgical Patients

1994 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Hannan ◽  
S. J. Cowen ◽  
K. C. H. Fearon ◽  
C. E. Plester ◽  
J. S. Falconer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Total Body

1. Multi-frequency bio-impedance analysis has been used to estimate extracellular and total body water in a heterogeneous group of 43 surgical patients (23 males, 20 females). 2. Radioisotope-dilution methods were used for the measurement of extracellular and total body water. 3. Resistance and reactance were measured between wrist and ankle at frequencies from 5 kHz to 1 MHz. 4. Extracellular and total body water were estimated by multiple stepwise regression using the radioisotope values as the dependent variables. The parameters included in the regression were: resistance and reactance at each frequency, body habitus parameters, plasma albumin and plasma sodium. 5. The standard errors of the estimates between the measured and esitmated values were 1.73 litres (coefficient of variation 9.6%) and 2.17 litres (coefficient of variation 6.0%) for extracellular and total body water, respectively. 6. These errors represent a useful improvement relative to those obtained from anthropometric estimates. However, the improvements relative to the use of a single frequency (50 kHz) are not clinically significant.

Water Metabolism of the Domestic Fowl From Hatching to Maturity

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Medway ◽  
M. R. Kare
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Water Metabolism ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Total Body

The total evaporative water loss, total body water by the direct method and the basal metabolic rate were determined on domestic fowl at various stages of growth. The trials were conducted on a total of 440 birds. The combined respiratory and cutaneous water loss was high on the 1st day of life, dropped to a minimum between 1 and 2 weeks of age, rose sharply at 2–4 weeks of age, then gradually tapered off to the value observed in the adult. The total body water and the total body water on a fat-free basis was quite high on the 1st day of life, then gradually decreased to that of the adult. The basal metabolic rate was low on the 1st day, rose sharply to a maximum at 2–4 weeks of age and then gradually tapered off to that of the adult.

Acute and chronic effects of vasopressin on blood pressure, electrolytes, and fluid volumes

1979 ◽  
Vol 237 (3) ◽  
pp. F232-F240 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Smith ◽  
M. J. Cowley ◽  
A. C. Guyton ◽  
R. D. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Water ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Plasma Electrolyte ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Excretion Rates

Physiological levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP) were continuously infused 24 h/day into six dogs for periods ranging from 7 to 34 days. The acute and chronic responses of the mean arterial pressure (MAP), body fluid volumes, renal function indices, plasma electrolyte concentrations, plasma renin activity, and urinary electrolyte and water excretion rates were measured. MAP was unaffected acutely but rose significantly to a peak on day 9 before declining toward control. MAP was significantly and positively correlated with the plasma volume, but had a diphasic correlation with the plasma sodium concentration and the change in total body sodium. The plasma sodium concentration reached a relatively stable plateau that was maintained in spite of large changes in total body water. We conclude that AVP produces only a transient hypervolemic hypertension; that AVP is a natriuretic agent, either directly or indirectly, both acutely and chronically; and that chronically it is a more potent controller of the plasma sodium concentration than of the total body water except in extreme cases.

Water turnover and body composition during long-term exposure to high altitude (4,900-7,600 m)

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1118-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Fusch ◽  
W. Gfrorer ◽  
C. Koch ◽  
A. Thomas ◽  
A. Grunert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Broad Peak ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Base Camp ◽  
Total Body

Thirteen healthy subjects (11 men and 2 women; 30.2 +/- 5.4 yr; 73.5 +/- 10.3 kg; 178.9 +/- 10.4 cm; body mass index, 22.9 +/- 1.6 kg/m2) participated at the 62-day expedition to the Broad Peak (8,047 m), Pakistan. Weight, body water, and water turnover (deuterium dilution and elimination) were measured eight times to assess long-term changes. Body weight fell during the ascent to the base camp [from 73.2 +/- 9.8 (baseline) to 71.7 +/- 9.7 kg; P < 0.05] and decreased until the end of the base camp stay (66.7 +/- 7.2 kg; P < 0.0001). Body compartments changed at different rates. Total body water decreased during the ascent (from 43.1 +/- 7.3 to 41.0 +/- 7.7 liters; P < 0.05) and remained unchanged until the base camp was reached (41.2 +/- 6.9 liters; P < 0.01) but decreased further during the base camp stay (40.6 +/- 5.2 liters). Water content of the body (total body water-to-body weight ratio) fell during the ascent (from 58.6 +/- 3.4 to 55.8 +/- 4.4%; P < 0.01), approached the baseline value during the base camp (57.4 +/- 4.0 and 58.3 +/- 5.1%), and increased again until the end of the base camp (60.6 +/- 3.4 and 60.9 +/- 4.3%). The compartment of the solids increased during the ascent (from 30.2 +/- 3.4 to 32.2 +/- 4.9 kg; P < 0.01) and approached the baseline value on arrival at the base camp (30.5 +/- 4.7 kg). Until the end of the base camp, the compartment of the solids fell (26.9 +/- 2.6 and 26.1 +/- 4.0 kg), indicating that weight loss was due to a loss of body solids, presumably mostly fat mass. Water turnover during the pretest period (sea level) was 45 +/- 7 ml.kg-1.day-1; it increased during the ascent (56 +/- 11 and 60 +/- 10 ml.kg-1.day-1) but remained constant during the base camp stay (63 +/- 12, 58 +/- 9, and 56 +/- 10 ml.kg-1.day-1). It increased during the ascent to Broad Peak (73 +/- 20 ml.kg-1.day-1; P < 0.05) and even more during the descent to civilization (83 +/- 17 ml.kg-1.day-1; P < 0.05).

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