Diffusion of oxygen from arterial to venous segments of renal capillaries

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (6) ◽  
pp. 1336-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew N. Levy ◽  
Gerardo Sauceda
Keyword(s):  
Renal Artery ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Renal Vein ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Renal Medulla ◽  
Appearance Time ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Vasa Recta ◽  
Initial Appearance ◽  
Predominant Effect

Injections of three types of blood preparations were made into the renal arteries of dogs, namely, a) blood equilibrated with 95% O2, 5% CO2, b) arterial blood containing some methemoglobin-labeled erythrocytes and c) blood containing methemoglobinemic cells, but equilibrated with 95% O2, 5% CO2. The initial appearance time in the renal vein was 1.25 ± 0.97 second earlier for oxygen than for the methemoglobinemic red cells. When preparation c was introduced into the renal artery, a diphasic curve was consistently registered from the renal venous blood. The initial deflection was uniformly upright, indicating a preponderant effect due to increased oxygen saturation. This was followed by an inverted deflection, resulting from the predominant effect of methemoglobin. These findings are interpreted to indicate diffusion of some of the oxygen from arterial to venous limbs of capillary loops, probably the vasa recta located in the renal medulla.

The Intrarenal Release of Renin in the Rat

1976 ◽  
Vol 51 (s3) ◽  
pp. 81s-83s
Author(s):  
T. O. Morgan ◽  
J. Davis ◽  
A. Gillies
Keyword(s):  
Renal Artery ◽  
Renal Vein ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Local Formation ◽  
Efferent Arteriole ◽  
Arterial Blood

1. A technique was developed to measure renin concentration in nanolitre volumes of blood. 2. The renin concentration in renal venous blood was higher than in renal arterial blood. 3. The renin concentration in blood from the efferent arteriole was less than in blood from the renal artery and renal vein. 4. Renin enters the circulation distal to the efferent arteriole. 5. The release of renin into the interstitium would allow local formation of angiotensin and the system could act as an intrarenal control mechanism.

scholarly journals Oxygen Saturation, Oxygen Tension, and pH of Renal Vein Blood in Experimental Unilateral Renal Artery Stenosis

1964 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 878-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHI KONG LIU ◽  
ABRAHAM T.K.COCKETT ◽  
LONG TRUMAN ◽  
AKIO.J FURUSHO
Keyword(s):  
Renal Artery ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Renal Artery Stenosis ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Renal Vein ◽  
Artery Stenosis

scholarly journals The Various Oximetric Techniques Used for the Evaluation of Blood Oxygenation

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4844
Author(s):  
Meir Nitzan ◽  
Itamar Nitzan ◽  
Yoel Arieli
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Cerebral Tissue ◽  
Peripheral Muscle ◽  
Arterial Blood

Adequate oxygen delivery to a tissue depends on sufficient oxygen content in arterial blood and blood flow to the tissue. Oximetry is a technique for the assessment of blood oxygenation by measurements of light transmission through the blood, which is based on the different absorption spectra of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. Oxygen saturation in arterial blood provides information on the adequacy of respiration and is routinely measured in clinical settings, utilizing pulse oximetry. Oxygen saturation, in venous blood (SvO2) and in the entire blood in a tissue (StO2), is related to the blood supply to the tissue, and several oximetric techniques have been developed for their assessment. SvO2 can be measured non-invasively in the fingers, making use of modified pulse oximetry, and in the retina, using the modified Beer–Lambert Law. StO2 is measured in peripheral muscle and cerebral tissue by means of various modes of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), utilizing the relative transparency of infrared light in muscle and cerebral tissue. The primary problem of oximetry is the discrimination between absorption by hemoglobin and scattering by tissue elements in the attenuation measurement, and the various techniques developed for isolating the absorption effect are presented in the current review, with their limitations.

Validation of Oxygen Saturation Monitoring in Neonates

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyang-Yun Pamela K. Shiao ◽  
Ching-Nan Ou
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation

•Background Pulse oximetry is commonly used to monitor oxygenation in neonates, but cannot detect variations in hemoglobin. Venous and arterial oxygen saturations are rarely monitored. Few data are available to validate measurements of oxygen saturation in neonates (venous, arterial, or pulse oximetric). •Purpose To validate oxygen saturation displayed on clinical monitors against analyses (with correction for fetal hemoglobin) of blood samples from neonates and to present the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve for neonates. •Method Seventy-eight neonates, 25 to 38 weeks’ gestational age, had 660 arterial and 111 venous blood samples collected for analysis. •Results The mean difference between oxygen saturation and oxyhemoglobin level was 3% (SD 1.0) in arterial blood and 3% (SD 1.1) in venous blood. The mean difference between arterial oxygen saturation displayed on the monitor and oxyhemoglobin in arterial blood samples was 2% (SD 2.0); between venous oxygen saturation displayed on the monitor and oxyhemoglobin in venous blood samples it was 3% (SD 2.1) and between oxygen saturation as determined by pulse oximetry and oxyhemoglobin in arterial blood samples it was 2.5% (SD 3.1). At a Pao2 of 50 to 75 mm Hg on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, oxyhemoglobin in arterial blood samples was from 92% to 95%; oxygen saturation was from 95% to 98% in arterial blood samples, from 94% to 97% on the monitor, and from 95% to 97% according to pulse oximetry. •Conclusions The safety limits for pulse oximeters are higher and narrower in neonates (95%–97%) than in adults, and clinical guidelines for neonates may require modification.

Effects of albumin infusion on renal function in the dog

1963 ◽  
Vol 205 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jo Elpers ◽  
Ewald E. Selkurt
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Renal Blood Flow ◽  
Renal Plasma Flow ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Albumin Infusion ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Vasa Recta ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs

Serum albumin (25%) was infused into anesthetized dogs undergoing a saline diuresis. No significant effect was seen on arterial pressure, but renal venous pressure was elevated slightly. GFR remained unchanged, while Cpah, renal plasma flow, total renal blood flow, and flow to medullary tissue increased significantly. Accompanying these changes were marked declines in PAH and creatinine extraction ratios. Urine volume, Cna, and Cosm declined appreciably during albumin infusion; TcHH2O tended to decrease. The ratio of Na and osmolar constituents in renal venous blood to that in arterial blood increased above unity, and calculations indicated that at this time Na was washed from the kidney. Tmpah remained unchanged during albumin infusion. It is concluded that during albumin infusion, there is an increase in plasma volume and renal blood flow accompanied by a diversion of part of this blood through aglomerular regions, possibly through A-V anastomoses, as evidenced by the accompanying decrease in Ecr and Epah. This could involve increased perfusion of the medullary papillary zone, including the vasa recta vessels, supported by the observations that during albumin infusion there is a washout of osmotic constituents, primarily Na, presumably from a zone of high Na concentration.

Oxygen lack as a possible cause of reactive hyperemia

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewitt G. Crawford ◽  
Hilton M. Fairchild ◽  
Arthur C. Guyton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Relationship Of

The relationship of blood flow through the hind leg of a dog to the gaseous content of the blood has been studied in 20 dogs by two different methods. In 15 dogs the oxygen saturation of the blood flowing through the leg was gradually changed by adding various amounts of venous blood to arterial blood. As the oxygen saturation decreased the blood flow increased—slowly at first, then progressively more rapidly as the oxygen levels fell lower and lower. Even though the oxygen saturation in most experiments was decreased to 30%, the total oxygen transported to the tissues each minute (O2 saturation times blood flow) decreased only to 75% of the control value. This showed that a definite compensatory mechanism exists, with an efficiency of about 65% for preventing tissue hypoxemia. In five animals the oxygen saturation of the blood was maintained constant while the dogs were allowed to breathe 20% carbon dioxide for an hour. By checking the blood flow every 10 minutes it was found that there was no increase in blood flow but rather in three of the animals a decrease to the extent of 35% of the control blood flow and in the remaining two no change. These studies indicate that oxygen deficiency might well be one of the causes of reactive hyperemia but that excess carbon dioxide probably is not involved.

scholarly journals The Dose Makes the Poison: A Case Report of Acquired Methemoglobinemia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1845
Author(s):  
Giulia Cannata ◽  
Luciana Abate ◽  
Chiara Scarabello ◽  
Monica Rubini ◽  
Alessandra Giacometti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Nasal Cannula ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Methemoglobin Level ◽  
Arterial Blood

Background: Methemoglobinemia (MET) should be suspected in cases where cyanosis is not associated with signs and symptoms of lung and/or heart disease, or in a cyanotic child exhibiting discrepancies in the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood, the blood oxygen saturation, and the clinical assessment. Case presentation: A 10-month-old girl was taken to the Pediatric Emergency Department for the acute, sudden development of significant peroral cyanosis associated with gray pigmentation of the skin. The problem was evidenced approximately one hour after she ingested a homemade puree of mixed vegetables, mainly composed of potatoes and chards that had been prepared three days before and had been kept in the refrigerator since then. Physical examination revealed that the child was very pale, conscious, and without respiratory distress. Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the arterial blood (SpO2) was 94%. Respiratory, cardiovascular, and abdominal evaluations did not reveal any signs of disease. A venous blood sample showed chocolate-colored blood with a pH of 7.404, a partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) of 40.6 mmHg, a partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) of 21.3 mmHg, a bicarbonate level of 24 mmol/L, and an oxygen saturation (SO2%) of 47.7%. CO-oximetry carried out simultaneously identified a methemoglobin level of 22%. MET was suspected, and oxygen via nasal cannula at a rate of 4 L/min was given with only a slight increase in oxygen saturation (96%). Slow intravenous injection of methylene blue 1 mg/kg over a period of 5 min was initiated. The peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) gradually improved to 100% over the next 20 min. Forty minutes later, venous blood gas analysis showed a methemoglobin level of 0.9% with a complete resolution of cyanosis; supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula was therefore discontinued. During the next 36 h, the patient remained hemodynamically stable with good oxygenation on room air. Conclusions: This case report shows that recognition of acquired MET in a child with sudden cyanosis onset requires a high index of suspicion. In daily activities, there is a need to pay particular attention when homemade vegetable soups for child alimentation are prepared. The consumption of vegetable soups must occur immediately after preparation. Storage in a refrigerator must last no more than 24 h and if longer storage is needed, vegetable soups should be frozen.

scholarly journals Acute renal venous obstruction is more detrimental to the kidney than arterial occlusion: implication for murine models of acute kidney injury

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (5) ◽  
pp. F519-F525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Li ◽  
Manchang Liu ◽  
Djahida Bedja ◽  
Christopher Thoburn ◽  
Kathleen Gabrielson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Renal Artery ◽  
Renal Vein ◽  
Renal Tubule ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Arterial Blood Flow ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Renal Vasculature ◽  
Renal Pedicle ◽  
Arterial Blood

In this study, we compared the traditional murine model with renal pedicle clamp with models that clamped the renal artery or vein alone as well as to a whole body ischemia-reperfusion injury (WBIRI) model. Male C57BL/6J mice underwent either clamping of the renal artery, vein, or both (whole pedicle) for 30 or 45 min followed by reperfusion, or 10 min of cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation up to 24 h. After 30 min of ischemia, the mice with renal vein clamping showed the mostly increased serum creatinine and the most severe renal tubule injury. After 45 min of ischemia, all mice with renal vasculature clamping had a comparable increase in serum creatinine but the renal tubule injury was most severe in renal artery-clamped mice. Renal arterial blood flow was most decreased in mice with a renal vein clamp compared with a renal artery or pedicle clamp. A 30-or 45-min renal ischemia time led to a significant increase in the protein level of interleukin-6, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), and granular colony-stimulating factor in the ischemic kidney, but the KC was the highest in the renal pedicle-clamped kidney and the lowest in the renal vein-clamped kidney. Of note, 10 min of WBIRI led to kidney dysfunction and structural injury, although less than longer time clamping of isolated renal vasculature. Our data demonstrate important differences in ischemic AKI models. Understanding these differences is important in designing future experimental studies in mice as well as clinical trials in humans.

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