A Critical Analysis of Causation Rules in Marine Insurance

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p class="AbstractText">The United Kingdom has regulated Marine Insurance in great detail in some laws and regulations, but these regulations do not seem to have been fully implemented. This study will discuss the Causation Rules in Marine Insurance. More specifically, this article has looked at the impact of the development of the causation rules in marine insurance after implementing MIA 1906. This study argues that the efficiency test is now be regarded as a historical precedent of the causation rules. What is clear is that the operation of the efficiency test alters the rule which previously relied on a question of law by looking at the latest cause of the loss to recognize a question of fact by measuring the most predominant cause of the loss. However, it does not mean that the newest cause of the loss is automatically disregarded. An immediate cause may be proximate if it has an efficient and predominant effect to cause the loss.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

Investigating natural cooling of piled sugar beet

The paper examines the processes of natural cooling of a medium-storage pile containing 3,650 tons of sugar beets. Adiabatic cooling and related processes are established to have a predominant effect on reducing the temperature in the pile while in storage. Piled sugar beet is cooled due to some natural water evaporation from the surface of sugar beets, followed by moisture saturation of the outside air. Such cooling leads to an uncontrolled decrease in the quality of beets, which has negative implications during further processing. A formula is presented for calculating post-harvest yield loss in sugar beets piled with one slope being across the prevailing wind.

Precision measurement of electron-electron scattering in GaAs/AlGaAs using transverse magnetic focusing

Electron-electron (e-e) interactions assume a cardinal role in solid-state physics. Quantifying the e-e scattering length is hence critical. In this paper we show that the mesoscopic phenomenon of transverse magnetic focusing (TMF) in two-dimensional electron systems forms a precise and sensitive technique to measure this length scale. Conversely we quantitatively demonstrate that e-e scattering is the predominant effect limiting TMF amplitudes in high-mobility materials. Using high-resolution kinetic simulations, we show that the TMF amplitude at a maximum decays exponentially as a function of the e-e scattering length, which leads to a ready approach to extract this length from the measured TMF amplitudes. The approach is applied to measure the temperature-dependent e-e scattering length in high-mobility GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. The simulations further reveal current vortices that accompany the cyclotron orbits - a collective phenomenon counterintuitive to the ballistic transport underlying a TMF setting.

Catalytic Performance of Cycloalkyl-Fused Aryliminopyridyl Nickel Complexes toward Ethylene Polymerization by QSPR Modeling

Quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) modeling is performed to investigate the role of cycloalkyl-fused rings on the catalytic performance of 46 aryliminopyridyl nickel precatalysts. The catalytic activities for nickel complexes in ethylene polymerization are well-predicted by the obtained 2D-QSPR model, exploring the main contribution from the charge distribution of negatively charged atoms. Comparatively, 3D-QSPR models show better predictive and validation capabilities than that of 2D-QSPR for both catalytic activity (Act.) and the molecular weight of the product (Mw). Three-dimensional contour maps illustrate the predominant effect of a steric field on both catalytic properties; smaller sizes of cycloalkyl-fused rings are favorable to Act.y, whereas they are unfavorable to Mw. This study may provide assistance in the design of a new nickel complex with high catalytic performance.

Causal Relations of Upscaled Urban Aquaponics and the Food-Water-Energy Nexus—A Berlin Case Study

Aquaponics, the water-reusing production of fish and crops, is taken as an example to investigate the consequences of upscaling a nature-based solution in a circular city. We developed an upscaled-aquaponic scenario for the German metropolis of Berlin, analysed the impacts, and studied the system dynamics. To meet the annual fish, tomato, and lettuce demand of Berlin’s 3.77 million residents would require approximately 370 aquaponic facilities covering a total area of 224 hectares and the use of different combinations of fish and crops: catfish/tomato (56%), catfish/lettuce (13%), and tilapia/tomato (31%). As a predominant effect, in terms of water, aquaponic production would save about 2.0 million m3 of water compared to the baseline. On the supply-side, we identified significant causal link chains concerning the Food-Water-Energy nexus at the aquaponic facility level as well as causal relations of a production relocation to Berlin. On the demand-side, a ‘freshwater pescatarian diet’ is discussed. The new and comprehensive findings at different system levels require further investigations on this topic. Upscaled aquaponics can produce a relevant contribution to Berlin’s sustainability and to implement it, research is needed to find suitable sites for local aquaponics in Berlin, possibly inside buildings, on urban roofscape, or in peri-urban areas.

Effect of Cu Nanoparticles on the Properties of PP-g-PHMG/PE Monofilament and Its Antifouling Application

The modified polyethylene monofilament was prepared by melt blending and spinning using polyethylene (PE), polypropylene-grafted poly(hexamethylene guanidine) (PP-g-PHMG), and Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs). The effect of CuNP content on the structure, mechanical properties, and antimicrobial properties of the monofilaments was studied. In addition, the antifouling property of fishing nets using the modified polyethylene monofilaments was evaluated. The results showed that CuNPs were dispersed homogeneously in the monofilament matrix as microaggregates. The initial increase in the tensile strength of monofilament was attributed to the mechanical restraint, whereas a decrease in the tensile properties at 1.0 wt% CuNP content was due to the predominant effect of a decrease in the total crystallinity. A bacteriostatic test showed that the monofilament had an obvious inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, coupon test results showed that PP-g-PHMG/PE/CuNP nanocomposite netting had lower weight gain than PP-g-PHMG/PE netting (23.6% reduction) because of the combined antibacterial effect of both PHMG and CuNP. Therefore, PP-g-PHMG/PE/CuNP monofilament has the potential to produce green and efficient antifouling fishing nets.

Individual and Combined Effects of Salinity and Nanoparticles (Al2O3, TiO2) on the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Freshwater Fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

Salinity increase in freshwaters affects the physiology and metal uptake in fish, though there is no enough evidence on the influence of salinity on metal-oxide nanoparticle (NPs) toxicity. Therefore, the effects of salinity and NPs (Al2O3, TiO2) were tested in acute (2 days and 10 mg NPs/L) and chronic (20 days and 1 mg NP/L) exposures at different salinities (0 and 10 ppt). Following the exposures, the activities of CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPX (glutathione peroxidase), GR (glutathione reductase) and GST (glutathione S-transferase) were determined in the liver of O. niloticus. Data showed that CAT and SOD activities did not change significantly (P>0.05) in acute exposures, though their activities significantly (P<0.05) decreased in chronic exposures at both salinities. Similarly, GPX and GR activities did not respond to acute NP exposures, but their activities decreased significantly in chronic exposures. However, GST showed the opposite response in acute and chronic exposures following NP and salinity exposures. Data showed that chronic exposures were more effective than acute exposures in regard to the response of the enzymes. Data also revealed that salinity did not have a predominant effect on the antioxidant enzymes, and also did not influence NPs toxicity.

PENGARUH EXPERIENTIAL MARKETING TERHADAP KEPUASAN DAN LOYALITAS PASIEN

This study aimed to examine the effect of experiential marketing on patient satisfaction and patient loyalty. It also attempted to discover the experiential-marketing dimension with the predominant effect. It is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach. The study population was all inpatients in Rumah Sakit Islam (RSI) Unisma Malang between February and March 2017. The researchers selected 197 respondents as samples using the purposive sampling method from all ward classes except VVIP class. This study’s exogenous variable was experiential marketing, whereas the endogenous variable was patient satisfaction and loyalty. As the instrument, the researchers used a questionnaire to reveal the patients’ perceptions and hopes about experiential marketing applied by the hospital and their satisfaction and loyalty. The researchers used Partial Least Square (PLS) as a data analysis method. The study showed that experiential marketing dimensions (consisting of sense, feel, think, act, and relate) positively and significantly affected patient satisfaction. Experiential marketing insignificantly and indirectly affected patient loyalty through patient satisfaction, and ‘relate’ was the most dominant dimension of experiential marketing in building patient satisfaction. Keywords: experiential marketing; patient satisfaction; patient loyalty.

Flexible Numerology in 5G NR: Interference Quantification and Proper Selection Depending on the Scenario

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) adopted cyclic prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM) for both uplink and downlink communications (although DFT-s-OFDM is also allowed in the uplink) in 5G New Radio (NR) Release 15. However, due to the variety of proposed deployment options and scenarios, a single numerology will not be enough to fulfil all performance requirements. A scalable OFDM numerology was required to enable diverse services on a wide range of frequencies and deployments, and finding the right numerology for each scenario is of special relevance for the proper functioning of 5G NR. Using a simulator calibrated according to the parameters established for NR performance by the 3GPP, this paper presents the performance evaluation of NR for the main 5G scenarios and different CP-OFDM numerologies and device speeds. Results show that increasing subcarrier spacing boosts the strength of the system against intercarrier interference (ICI) caused my Doppler spread; however, to increase subcarrier spacing, the CP must be reduced proportionally, which makes intersymbol interference (ISI) and ICI caused by insufficient CP have a more predominant effect. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify the total interference of the system, in order to determine the proper numerology for each scenario, which will depend on all the factors mentioned above, and not only on the operation band, as suggested in the standardization process. All this allows concluding that the choice of the appropriate numerology for a particular system depends not only on the band of operation but also on the deployment scenario and the speed of the user equipment (UE). Likewise, it is concluded that it is even possible to use more than one numerology for the same scenario.

Research of the range of medication for pulmonary hypertension pharmacotherapy in adults in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a group of rare diseases, malignant in nature, without optimal treatment quickly lead to death. Such patients usually require expensive, continuous and lifelong treatment. Therefore, the study of the assortment structure of drugs used for the treatment of drugs in adults in the domestic market of medicines (drugs) is very relevant. The aim of the study was to analyze the range of drugs for the pharmacotherapy of drugs in the modern pharmaceutical market of Ukraine. The object of the study was information on drugs registered in Ukraine, which are included in the protocol of treatment of patients with PH. In the process of research, system-review, graphic, documentary and marketing research methods were used. The result of the study showed that in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine there are no drugs based on INN Epoprostenolum, Treprostinil, Beraprostum, Selexipagum, Macitentan, Tadalafilum, Vardenafilum, recommended by the Adapted clinical guidelines for the treatment of adult patients with PH and Unified clinical protocol of emergency, primary, secondary (specialized) and tertiary (hypersensitivity) medical care «Pulmonary hypertension in adults». Simultaneously INN Rivaroxabanum, Apixabanum, Dabigatranum etaxilatum, Iloprostum, Torasemide, Bosentanum, Ambrisentanum, Riociguat are included in the Unified clinical protocol of emergency, primary, secondary (specialized) and tertiary (hypersensitivity) medical care «Pulmonary hypertension in adults» and tertiary (hypersensitivity) Ukraine, however, are not included in the National List of Essential Medicines, which legally limits the possibility of their purchase by health care institutions for budget funds, but only centrally by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The structure of drugs for the treatment of PH in adults according to the ATX classification indicates that the largest share have groups С03С – Diuretics – 36.47%, С08С – Selective calcium antagonists with a predominant effect on blood vessels – 32.94%. The import dependence of the pharmaceutical market of medication for PH treatment is relatively high and constitutes about 60% of the number of trade names of medication for PH pharmacotherapy that needs research in the directions of its expansion through import substitution and legislative settlement of questions of improving the accessibility of this medication group.