Silver-silver chloride electrode as a nonpolarizable bioelectrode

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Feder
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Polarization ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Routine Laboratory ◽  
Silver Chloride Electrode ◽  
Polarization Effects ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride

A thermal-electrolytic method for the preparation of Ag AgCl electrodes suitable for measurement of bioelectrical changes in the microvolt range is given in detail. A potential of 0.5 mv or less between electrode pairs is easily attained; and such electrodes will accurately measure emf generated by both steady and fluctuating phenomena down to ±5 μv under routine laboratory conditions. Studies in the variations in potential for pairs of electrodes from the time they are introduced into the circuit until they reach a stable state, as well as long-term drift are presented. These data are analyzed in terms of activation, ohmic, and concentration polarization effects. Submitted on July 19, 1962

scholarly journals A Novel Highly Durable Carbon/Silver/Silver Chloride Composite Electrode for High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1962
Author(s):  
Lingjun Li ◽  
Guangli Li ◽  
Yuliang Cao ◽  
Yvonne Yanwen Duan
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Sintered Ag ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride

High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) is a promising non-invasive neuromodulation technique, which has been widely used in the clinical intervention and treatment of neurological or psychiatric disorders. Sintered Ag/AgCl electrode has become a preferred candidate for HD-tDCS, but its service life is very short, especially for long-term anodal stimulation. To address this issue, a novel highly durable conductive carbon/silver/silver chloride composite (C/Ag/AgCl) electrode was fabricated by a facile cold rolling method. The important parameters were systematically optimized, including the conductive enhancer, the particle size of Ag powder, the C:Ag:PTFE ratio, the saline concentration, and the active substance loading. The CNT/Ag/AgCl-721 electrode demonstrated excellent specific capacity and cycling performance. Both constant current anodal polarization and simulated tDCS measurement demonstrated that the service life of the CNT/Ag/AgCl-721 electrodes was 15-16 times of that of sintered Ag/AgCl electrodes. The much longer service life can be attributed to the formation of the three-dimensional interpenetrating conductive network with CNT doping, which can maintain a good conductivity and cycling performance even if excessive non-conductive AgCl is accumulated on the surface during long-term anodal stimulation. Considering their low cost, long service life, and good skin tolerance, the proposed CNT/Ag/AgCl electrodes have shown promising application prospects in HD-tDCS, especially for daily life scenarios.

Electrochemical investigation of hapten-antibody interactions by differential pulse polarography.

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1968-1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
K R Wehmeyer ◽  
H B Halsall ◽  
W R Heineman
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Differential Pulse ◽  
Differential Pulse Polarography ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Peak Current ◽  
Silver Chloride Electrode ◽  
Pulse Polarography ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride

Abstract The binding of electroactively labeled estriol with estrogen-specific antibody and its subsequent displacement by unlabeled estriol have been monitored by differential pulse polarography. Estriol was found to be electro-inactive in the potential range -200 mV to -1000 mV vs a silver/silver chloride electrode. Estriol labeled in the 2 and 4 position with nitro groups was electroactive, giving two reduction waves at -422 mV and -481 mV vs a silver/silver chloride electrode. The peak current was linear with concentration over the range 60 micrograms/L to 3.7 mg/L. The addition of aliquots of estrogen-specific antibody reduced the peak current proportionately, indicating the binding of ligand to specific antibody. Subsequent addition of unlabeled estriol produced incremental increases in peak reduction current, indicating competitive and reversible binding of the two ligands for the antibody. Separation of bound from free labeled hapten was not necessary because reduction of the antibody-bound labeled estriol is attenuated at the electrode.

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