scholarly journals Surround suppression and temporal processing of visual signals

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 2605-2617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry J. Alitto ◽  
W. Martin Usrey
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Surround Suppression ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Temporal Features

Extraclassical surround suppression strongly modulates responses of neurons in the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and primary visual cortex. Although a great deal is known about the spatial properties of extraclassical suppression and the role it serves in stimulus size tuning, relatively little is known about how extraclassical suppression shapes visual processing in the temporal domain. We recorded the spiking activity of retinal ganglion cells and LGN neurons in the cat to test the hypothesis that extraclassical suppression influences temporal features of visual responses in the early visual system. Our results demonstrate that extraclassical suppression not only shifts the distribution of interspike intervals in a manner that decreases the efficacy of neuronal communication, it also decreases the reliability of neuronal responses to visual stimuli and it decreases the duration of visual responses, an effect that underlies a rightward shift in the temporal frequency tuning of LGN neurons. Taken together, these results reveal a dynamic relationship between extraclassical suppression and the temporal features of neuronal responses.

scholarly journals Anatomy and Physiology of Macaque Visual Cortical Areas V1, V2, and V5/MT: Bases for Biologically Realistic Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 3483-3517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simo Vanni ◽  
Henri Hokkanen ◽  
Francesca Werner ◽  
Alessandra Angelucci
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Visual Cortical

Abstract The cerebral cortex of primates encompasses multiple anatomically and physiologically distinct areas processing visual information. Areas V1, V2, and V5/MT are conserved across mammals and are central for visual behavior. To facilitate the generation of biologically accurate computational models of primate early visual processing, here we provide an overview of over 350 published studies of these three areas in the genus Macaca, whose visual system provides the closest model for human vision. The literature reports 14 anatomical connection types from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to V1 having distinct layers of origin or termination, and 194 connection types between V1, V2, and V5, forming multiple parallel and interacting visual processing streams. Moreover, within V1, there are reports of 286 and 120 types of intrinsic excitatory and inhibitory connections, respectively. Physiologically, tuning of neuronal responses to 11 types of visual stimulus parameters has been consistently reported. Overall, the optimal spatial frequency (SF) of constituent neurons decreases with cortical hierarchy. Moreover, V5 neurons are distinct from neurons in other areas for their higher direction selectivity, higher contrast sensitivity, higher temporal frequency tuning, and wider SF bandwidth. We also discuss currently unavailable data that could be useful for biologically accurate models.

Spatio-temporal visual properties in the ascending tectofugal system

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Rokszin ◽  
Zita Márkus ◽  
Gábor Braunitzer ◽  
Antal Berényi ◽  
Marek Wypych ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Visual Receptive Field ◽  
Detailed Statistical Analysis ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Visual Properties

AbstractOur study compares the spatio-temporal visual receptive field properties of different subcortical stages of the ascending tectofugal visual system. Extracellular single-cell recordings were performed in the superficial (SCs) and intermediate (SCi) layers of the superior colliculus (SC), the suprageniculate nucleus (Sg) of the posterior thalamus and the caudate nucleus (CN) of halothane-anesthetized cats. Neuronal responses to drifting gratings of various spatial and temporal frequencies were recorded. The neurons of each structure responded optimally to low spatial and high temporal frequencies and displayed narrow spatial and temporal frequency tuning. The detailed statistical analysis revealed that according to its stimulus preferences the SCs has markedly different spatio-temporal properties from the homogeneous group formed by the SCi, Sg and CN. The SCs neurons preferred higher spatial and lower temporal frequencies and had broader spatial tuning than the other structures. In contrast to the SCs the visually active SCi, as well as the Sg and the CN neurons possessed consequently similar spatio-temporal preferences. These data support our hypothesis that the visually active SCi, Sg and CN neurons form a homogeneous neuronal population given a similar spatio-temporal frequency preference and a common function in processing of dynamic visual information.

scholarly journals Visual processing mode switching regulated by VIP cells

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Hoon Lee ◽  
Stefan Mihalas
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Mode Switching ◽  
Rate Model ◽  
Surround Suppression ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Processing Mode ◽  
Cell Depolarization

AbstractThe responses of neurons in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) to visual stimuli depend on behavioral states. Specifically, surround suppression is reduced during locomotion. Although locomotion-induced vasoactive intestinal polypeptide positive (VIP) interneuron depolarization can account for the reduction of surround suppression, the functions of VIP cell depolarization are not fully understood. Here we utilize a firing rate model and a computational model to elucidate the potential functions of VIP cell depolarization during locomotion. Our analyses suggest 1) that surround suppression sharpens the visual responses in V1 to a stationary scene, 2) that depolarized VIP cells enhance V1 responses to moving objects by reducing self-induced surround suppression and 3) that during locomotion V1 neuron responses to some features of the moving objects can be selectively enhanced. Thus, VIP cells regulate surround suppression to allow pyramidal neurons to optimally encode visual information independent of behavioral state.

scholarly journals A unique and evolutionarily conserved retinal interneuron relays rod and cone input to the inner plexiform layer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent K. Young ◽  
Charu Ramakrishnan ◽  
Tushar Ganjawala ◽  
Yumei Li ◽  
Sangbae Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved

AbstractNeurons in the CNS are distinguished from each other by their morphology, the types of the neurotransmitter they release, their synaptic connections, and their genetic profiles. While attempting to characterize the retinal bipolar cell (BC) input to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), we discovered a previously undescribed type of interneuron in mice and primates. This interneuron shares some morphological, physiological, and molecular features with traditional BCs, such as having dendrites that ramify in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and axons that ramify in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) to relay visual signals from photoreceptors to inner retinal neurons. It also shares some features with amacrine cells, particularly Aii amacrine cells, such as their axonal morphology and possibly the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine, along with the expression of some amacrine cell specific markers. Thus, we unveil an unrecognized type of interneuron, which may play unique roles in vision.Significance StatementCell types are the building blocks upon which neural circuitry is based. In the retina, it is widely believed that all neuronal types have been identified. We describe a cell type, which we call the Campana cell, that does not fit into the conventional neuronal retina categories but is evolutionarily conserved. Unlike retinal bipolar cells, the Campana cell receives synaptic input from both rods and cones, has broad axonal ramifications, and may release an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Unlike retinal amacrine cells, the Campana cell receives direct photoreceptor input has bipolar-like ribbon synapses. With this discovery, we open the possibility for new forms of visual processing in the retina.

Morphology of the turtle accessory optic system

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN MARTIN ◽  
NAOKI KOGO ◽  
TIAN XING FAN ◽  
MICHAEL ARIEL
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Optic System ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Accessory Optic System ◽  
Full Field

Neural signals of the moving visual world are detected by a subclass of retinal ganglion cells that project to the accessory optic system in the vertebrate brainstem. We studied the dendritic morphologies and direction tuning of these brainstem neurons in turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans) to understand their role in visual processing. Full-field checkerboard patterns were drifted on the contralateral retina while whole-cell recordings were made in the basal optic nucleus in an intact brainstem preparation in vitro. Neurobiotin diffused into the neurons during the recording and was subsequently localized in brain sections. Neuronal morphologies were traced using appropriate computer software to analyze their position in the brainstem. Most labeled neurons were fusiform in shape and had numerous varicosities along their processes. The majority of dendritic trees spread out in a transverse plane perpendicular to the rostrocaudal axis of the nucleus. Neurons near the brainstem surface were often oriented tangential to that surface, whereas more cells at the dorsal side of the nucleus were oriented radial to the brainstem surface. Further analysis of Nissl-stained neurons revealed the largest neurons are located in the rostral and medial portions of the nucleus although neurons are most densely packed in the middle of the nucleus. The preferred directions of the visual responses of the neurons in this sample did not correlate with their morphology and position in the nucleus. Therefore, the morphology of the cells in the turtle accessory optic system appears dependent on its position within the nucleus while its visual responses may depend on the synaptic inputs that contact each cell.

scholarly journals A high frequency resonance in the responses of retinal ganglion cells to rapidly modulated stimuli: A computer model

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 779-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. MILLER ◽  
K.S. DENNING ◽  
J.S. GEORGE ◽  
D.W. MARSHAK ◽  
G.T. KENYON
Keyword(s):  
Computer Model ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Phase Advance ◽  
Frequency Resonance ◽  
High Frequency Resonance

Brisk Y-type ganglion cells in the cat retina exhibit a high frequency resonance (HFR) in their responses to large, rapidly modulated stimuli. We used a computer model to test whether negative feedback mediated by axon-bearing amacrine cells onto ganglion cells could account for the experimentally observed properties of HFRs. Temporal modulation transfer functions (tMTFs) recorded from model ganglion cells exhibited HFR peaks whose amplitude, width, and locations were qualitatively consistent with experimental data. Moreover, the wide spatial distribution of axon-mediated feedback accounted for the observed increase in HFR amplitude with stimulus size. Model phase plots were qualitatively similar to those recorded from Y ganglion cells, including an anomalous phase advance that in our model coincided with the amplification of low-order harmonics that overlapped the HFR peak. When axon-mediated feedback in the model was directed primarily to bipolar cells, whose synaptic output was graded, or else when the model was replaced with a simple cascade of linear filters, it was possible to produce large HFR peaks but the region of anomalous phase advance was always eliminated, suggesting the critical involvement of strongly non-linear feedback loops. To investigate whether HFRs might contribute to visual processing, we simulated high frequency ocular tremor by rapidly modulating a naturalistic image. Visual signals riding on top of the imposed jitter conveyed an enhanced representation of large objects. We conclude that by amplifying responses to ocular tremor, HFRs may selectively enhance the processing of large image features.

Cortical Maps of Separable Tuning Properties Predict Population Responses to Complex Visual Stimuli

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 775-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya I. Baker ◽  
Naoum P. Issa
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Sinusoidal Grating ◽  
Cortical Organization ◽  
Moving Images ◽  
Spatial Parameters

In the earliest cortical stages of visual processing, a scene is represented in different functional domains selective for specific features. Maps of orientation and spatial frequency preference have been described in the primary visual cortex using simple sinusoidal grating stimuli. However, recent imaging experiments suggest that the maps of these two spatial parameters are not sufficient to describe patterns of activity in different orientation domains generated in response to complex, moving stimuli. A model of cortical organization is presented in which cortical temporal frequency tuning is superimposed on the maps of orientation and spatial frequency tuning. The maps of these three tuning properties are sufficient to describe the activity in orientation domains that have been measured in response to drifting complex images. The model also makes specific predictions about how moving images are represented in different spatial frequency domains. These results suggest that the tangential organization of primary visual cortex can be described by a set of maps of separable neuronal receptive field features including maps of orientation, spatial frequency, and temporal frequency tuning properties.

scholarly journals Pathway-specific asymmetries between ON and OFF visual signals

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sneha Ravi ◽  
Daniel Ahn ◽  
Martin Greschner ◽  
E.J Chichilnisky ◽  
Greg D. Field
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Alpha Cells ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
On And Off Pathways

AbstractVisual processing is largely organized into ON and OFF pathways that signal stimulus increments and decrements, respectively. These pathways exhibit natural pairings based on morphological and physiological similarities, such as ON and OFF alpha ganglion cells in the mammalian retina. Several studies have noted asymmetries in the properties of ON and OFF pathways. For example, the spatial receptive fields (RFs) of OFF alpha cells are systematically smaller than ON alpha cells. Analysis of natural scenes suggests these asymmetries are optimal for visual encoding. To test the generality of ON-OFF asymmetries, we measured the spatiotemporal RF properties of multiple RGC types in rat retina. Through a quantitative and serial classification, we identified three functional pairs of ON and OFF RGCs. We analyzed the structure of their RFs and compared spatial integration, temporal integration, and gain across ON and OFF pairs. Similar to previous results from cat and primate, RGC types with larger spatial RFs exhibited briefer temporal integration and higher gain. However, each pair of ON and OFF RGC types exhibited distinct asymmetric relationships between receptive field properties, some of which were opposite to previous reports. These results reveal the functional organization of six RGC types in the rodent retina and indicate that ON-OFF asymmetries are pathway specific.Significance StatementCircuits that process sensory input frequently process increments separately from decrements, so called ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ responses. Theoretical studies indicate this separation, and associated asymmetries in ON and OFF pathways, may be beneficial for encoding natural stimuli. However, the generality of ON and OFF pathway asymmetries has not been tested. Here we compare the functional properties of three distinct pairs of ON and OFF pathways in the rodent retina and show their asymmetries are pathway specific. These results provide a new view on the partitioning of vision across diverse ON and OFF signaling pathways

scholarly journals Temporal Frequency Tuning Reveals Interactions between the Dorsal and Ventral Visual Streams

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1295-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Kristensen ◽  
Frank E. Garcea ◽  
Bradford Z. Mahon ◽  
Jorge Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Ventral Stream ◽  
Inferior Parietal Lobule ◽  
Ventral Visual Pathway ◽  
Parietal Lobule

Visual processing of complex objects is supported by the ventral visual pathway in the service of object identification and by the dorsal visual pathway in the service of object-directed reaching and grasping. Here, we address how these two streams interact during tool processing, by exploiting the known asymmetry in projections of subcortical magnocellular and parvocellular inputs to the dorsal and ventral streams. The ventral visual pathway receives both parvocellular and magnocellular input, whereas the dorsal visual pathway receives largely magnocellular input. We used fMRI to measure tool preferences in parietal cortex when the images were presented at either high or low temporal frequencies, exploiting the fact that parvocellular channels project principally to the ventral but not dorsal visual pathway. We reason that regions of parietal cortex that exhibit tool preferences for stimuli presented at frequencies characteristic of the parvocellular pathway receive their inputs from the ventral stream. We found that the left inferior parietal lobule, in the vicinity of the supramarginal gyrus, exhibited tool preferences for images presented at low temporal frequencies, whereas superior and posterior parietal regions exhibited tool preferences for images present at high temporal frequencies. These data indicate that object identity, processed within the ventral stream, is communicated to the left inferior parietal lobule and may there combine with inputs from the dorsal visual pathway to allow for functionally appropriate object manipulation.

Spatial and Temporal Frequency Tuning of Motion-in-Depth Aftereffect

2008 ◽  
Vol 128 (7) ◽  
pp. 1015-1022
Author(s):  
Sheng Ge ◽  
Makoto Ichikawa ◽  
Atsushi Osa ◽  
Keiji Iramina ◽  
Hidetoshi Miike
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Motion In Depth
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