scholarly journals Microcircuit formation following transplantation of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neurons in peripheral nerve

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 1683-1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Magown ◽  
Victor F. Rafuse ◽  
Robert M. Brownstone
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cell ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell ◽  
Muscle Contractions ◽  
Functional Connections

Motoneurons derived from embryonic stem cells can be transplanted in the tibial nerve, where they extend axons to functionally innervate target muscle. Here, we studied spontaneous muscle contractions in these grafts 3 mo following transplantation. One-half of the transplanted grafts generated rhythmic muscle contractions of variable patterns, either spontaneously or in response to brief electrical stimulation. Activity generated by transplanted embryonic stem cell-derived neurons was driven by glutamate and was modulated by muscarinic and GABAergic/glycinergic transmission. Furthermore, rhythmicity was promoted by the same transmitter combination that evokes rhythmic locomotor activity in spinal cord circuits. These results demonstrate that there is a degree of self-assembly of microcircuits in these peripheral grafts involving embryonic stem cell-derived motoneurons and interneurons. Such spontaneous activity is reminiscent of embryonic circuit development in which spontaneous activity is essential for proper connectivity and function and may be necessary for the grafts to form functional connections with muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This manuscript demonstrates that, following peripheral transplantation of neurons derived from embryonic stem cells, the grafts are spontaneously active. The activity is produced and modulated by a number of transmitter systems, indicating that there is a degree of self-assembly of circuits in the grafts.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Spontaneous Activity by HCN4 Overexpression in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes - A Possible Biological Pacemaker

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e0138193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukihiro Saito ◽  
Kazufumi Nakamura ◽  
Masashi Yoshida ◽  
Hiroki Sugiyama ◽  
Tohru Ohe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cell ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell ◽  
Biological Pacemaker

Effect of NANOG overexpression on porcine embryonic development and pluripotent embryonic stem cell formation in vitro

Zygote ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Gerelchimeg Bou ◽  
Shimeng Guo ◽  
Jia Guo ◽  
Zhuang Chai ◽  
Jianchao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cell ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cell Line ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Clones ◽  
Morula Stage ◽  
Pluripotent Embryonic Stem Cell

Summary The efficiency of establishing pig pluripotent embryonic stem cell clones from blastocysts is still low. The transcription factor Nanog plays an important role in maintaining the pluripotency of mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Adequate activation of Nanog has been reported to increase the efficiency of establishing mouse embryonic stem cells from 3.5 day embryos. In mouse, Nanog starts to be strongly expressed as early as the morula stage, whereas in porcine NANOG starts to be strongly expressed by the late blastocyst stage. Therefore, here we investigated both the effect of expressing NANOG on porcine embryos early from the morula stage and the efficiency of porcine pluripotent embryonic stem cell clone formation. Compared with intact porcine embryos, NANOG overexpression induced a lower blastocyst rate, and did not show any advantages for embryo development and pluripotent embryonic stem cell line formation. These results indicated that, although NANOG is important pluripotent factor, NANOG overexpression is unnecessary for the initial formation of porcine pluripotent embryonic stem cell clones in vitro.

scholarly journals Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Hope in the Treatment of Diseases, including Muscular Dystrophies

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5467
Author(s):  
Daniela Gois Beghini ◽  
Samuel Iwao Horita ◽  
Cynthia Machado Cascabulho ◽  
Luiz Anastácio Alves ◽  
Andrea Henriques-Pons
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cell ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Ips Cells ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Cell Based Therapy ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are laboratory-produced cells that combine the biological advantages of somatic adult and stem cells for cell-based therapy. The reprogramming of cells, such as fibroblasts, to an embryonic stem cell-like state is done by the ectopic expression of transcription factors responsible for generating embryonic stem cell properties. These primary factors are octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct3/4), sex-determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2), Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), and the proto-oncogene protein homolog of avian myelocytomatosis (c-Myc). The somatic cells can be easily obtained from the patient who will be subjected to cellular therapy and be reprogrammed to acquire the necessary high plasticity of embryonic stem cells. These cells have no ethical limitations involved, as in the case of embryonic stem cells, and display minimal immunological rejection risks after transplant. Currently, several clinical trials are in progress, most of them in phase I or II. Still, some inherent risks, such as chromosomal instability, insertional tumors, and teratoma formation, must be overcome to reach full clinical translation. However, with the clinical trials and extensive basic research studying the biology of these cells, a promising future for human cell-based therapies using iPS cells seems to be increasingly clear and close.

scholarly journals Epsins Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Exit from Pluripotency and Neural Commitment by Controlling Notch Activation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Cardano ◽  
Jacopo Zasso ◽  
Luca Ruggiero ◽  
Giuseppina Di Giacomo ◽  
Matteo Marcatili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Notch Signaling ◽  
Neural Differentiation ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell ◽  
Neural Progenitors ◽  
Notch Activation

Epsins are part of the internalization machinery pivotal to control clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Here, we report that epsin family members are expressed in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and that epsin1/2 knockdown alters both mESC exits from pluripotency and their differentiation. Furthermore, we show that epsin1/2 knockdown compromises the correct polarization and division of mESC-derived neural progenitors and their conversion into expandable radial glia-like neural stem cells. Finally, we provide evidence that Notch signaling is impaired following epsin1/2 knockdown and that experimental restoration of Notch signaling rescues the epsin-mediated phenotypes. We conclude that epsins contribute to control mESC exit from pluripotency and allow their neural differentiation by appropriate modulation of Notch signaling.

scholarly journals The action behind the words: embryonic stem cell research marches on

2006 ◽  
Vol 174 (6) ◽  
pp. 743-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitch Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Research ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cell Research ◽  
Medical Resource ◽  
Stem Cell Science

Talk of policy has dominated talk of science for those interested in embryonic stem cell science. But research is continuing, and the advances are making clear why embryonic stem cells are such an important scientific and medical resource.

scholarly journals Controlling Embryonic Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation by Automation

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1171-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Kowalski ◽  
Amy Yoder ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Laura Pajak
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cell ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Embryoid Body ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Complex Biological Process

Despite significant use in basic research, embryonic stem cells have just begun to be used in the drug discovery process. Barriers to the adoption of embryonic stem cells in drug discovery include the difficulty in growing cells and inconsistent differentiation to the desired cellular phenotype. Embryonic stem cell cultures require consistent and frequent handling to maintain the cells in a pluripotent state. In addition, the preferred hanging drop method of embryoid body (EB) differentiation is not amenable to high-throughput methods, and suspension cultures of EBs show a high degree of variability. Murine embryonic stem cells passaged on an automated platform maintained ≥90% viability and pluripotency. We also developed a method of EB formation using 384-well microplates that form a single EB per well, with excellent uniformity across EBs. This format facilitated high-throughput differentiation and enabled screens to optimize directed differentiation into a desired cell type. Using this approach, we identified conditions that enhanced cardiomyocyte differentiation sevenfold. This optimized differentiation method showed excellent consistency for such a complex biological process. This automated approach to embryonic stem cell handling and differentiation can provide the high and consistent yields of differentiated cell types required for basic research, compound screens, and toxicity studies.

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