Emergence of Radial Nerve Dominance in Median Nerve Cortex After Median Nerve Transection in an Adult Squirrel Monkey

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 522-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Schroeder ◽  
S. Seto ◽  
P. E. Garraghty
Keyword(s):  
Median Nerve ◽  
Squirrel Monkey ◽  
Ulnar Nerve ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Nerve Transection ◽  
A Site ◽  
Stimulation Of

Schroeder, C. E., S. Seto, and P. E. Garraghty. Emergence of radial nerve dominance in median nerve cortex after median nerve transection in an adult squirrel monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 522–526, 1997. Throughout the glabrous representation in Area 3b, electrical stimulation of the dominant (median or ulnar) input produces robust, short-latency excitation, evident as a net extracellular “sink” in the Lamina 4 current source density (CSD) accompanied by action potentials. Stimulation of the collocated nondominant (radial nerve) input produces a subtle short-latency response in the Lamina 4 CSD unaccompanied by action potentials and followed by a clear excitatory response 12–15 ms later. Laminar response profiles for both inputs have a “feedforward” pattern, with initial activation in Lamina 4, followed by extragranular laminae. Such corepresentation of nondominant radial nerve inputs with the dominant (median or ulnar nerve) inputs in the glabrous hand surface representation provides a likely mechanism for reorganization after median nerve section in adult primates. To investigate this, we conducted repeated recordings using an implanted linear multi-electrode array straddling the cortical laminae at a site in “median nerve cortex” (i.e., at a site with a cutaneous receptive field on the volar surface of D2 and thus with its dominant afferent input conveyed by the median nerve) in an adult squirrel monkey. We characterized the baseline responses to median, radial, and ulnar nerve stimulation. We then cut the median nerve and semi-chronically monitored radial nerve, ulnar nerve and median nerve (proximal stump) evoked responses. The radial nerve response in median nerve cortex changed progressively during the weeks after median nerve transection, ultimately assuming the characteristics of the dominant nerve profile. During this time, median, and ulnar nerve profiles displayed little or no change.

Human cortical potentials evoked by stimulation of the median nerve. II. Cytoarchitectonic areas generating long-latency activity

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Allison ◽  
G. McCarthy ◽  
C. C. Wood ◽  
P. D. Williamson ◽  
D. D. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Median Nerve ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Cortical Surface ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Area 3B ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The anatomic generators of human median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in the 40 to 250-ms latency range were investigated in 54 patients by means of cortical-surface and transcortical recordings obtained during neurosurgery. 2. Contralateral stimulation evoked three groups of SEPs recorded from the hand representation area of sensorimotor cortex: P45-N80-P180, recorded anterior to the central sulcus (CS) and maximal on the precentral gyrus; N45-P80-N180, recorded posterior to the CS and maximal on the postcentral gyrus; and P50-N90-P190, recorded near and on either side of the CS. 3. P45-N80-P180 inverted in polarity to N45-P80-N180 across the CS but was similar in polarity from the cortical surface and white matter in transcortical recordings. These spatial distributions were similar to those of the short-latency P20-N30 and N20-P30 potentials described in the preceding paper, suggesting that these long-latency potentials are generated in area 3b of somatosensory cortex. 4. P50-N90-P190 was largest over the anterior one-half of somatosensory cortex and did not show polarity inversion across the CS. This spatial distribution was similar to that of the short-latency P25-N35 potentials described in the preceding paper and, together with our and Goldring et al. 1970; Stohr and Goldring 1969 transcortical recordings, suggest that these long-latency potentials are generated in area 1 of somatosensory cortex. 5. SEPs of apparently local origin were recorded from several regions of sensorimotor cortex to stimulation of the ipsilateral median nerve. Surface and transcortical recordings suggest that the ipsilateral potentials are generated not in area 3b, but rather in other regions of sensorimotor cortex perhaps including areas 4, 1, 2, and 7. This spatial distribution suggests that the ipsilateral potentials are generated by transcallosal input from the contralateral hemisphere. 6. Recordings from the periSylvian region were characterized by P100 and N100, recorded above and below the Sylvian sulcus (SS) respectively. This distribution suggests a tangential generator located in the upper wall of the SS in the second somatosensory area (SII). In addition, N125 and P200, recorded near and on either side of the SS, suggest a radial generator in a portion of SII located in surface cortex above the SS. 7. In comparison with the short-latency SEPs described in the preceding paper, the long-latency potentials were more variable and were more affected by intraoperative conditions.

Peripheral Nervous SystemUpper Extremity

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Fisch
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Median Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Ulnar Nerve ◽  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Upper Extremities ◽  
Cervical Plexus

Chapter 3 discusses how to draw the peripheral nervous system (upper extremities), including the brachial plexus, median nerve, ulnar nerve, radial nerve, and the cervical plexus.

Medullary substrate and differential cardiovascular responses during stimulation of specific acupoints

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (4) ◽  
pp. R852-R862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie C. Tjen-A-Looi ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
John C. Longhurst
Keyword(s):  
Median Nerve ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Reflex Responses ◽  
Superficial Radial Nerve ◽  
Cardiovascular Reflex ◽  
Cardiovascular Neurons ◽  
Change In Mean ◽  
Stimulation Of

Electroacupuncture (EA) at P5–P6 acupoints overlying the median nerve reduces premotor sympathetic cardiovascular neuronal activity in the rostral ventral lateral medulla (rVLM) and visceral reflex pressor responses. In previous studies, we have noted different durations of influence of EA comparing P5–P6 and S36–S37 acupoints, suggesting that point specificity may exist. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of stimulating P5–P6 (overlying the median nerve), LI4–L7 (overlying branches of the median nerve and the superficial radial nerve), LI6–LI7 (overlying the superficial radial nerve), LI10–LI11 (overlying the deep radial nerves), S36–S37 (overlying the deep peroneal nerves), or K1–B67 (overlying terminal branches of the tibial nerves) specific acupoints, overlying deep and superficial somatic nerves, on the excitatory cardiovascular reflex and rVLM responses evoked by stimulation of chemosensitive receptors in the cat's gallbladder with bradykinin (BK) or direct splanchnic nerve (SN) stimulation. We observed point-specific differences in magnitude and duration of EA inhibition between P5–P6 or LI10–LI11 and LI4–L7 or S36–S37 in responses to 30-min stimulation with low-frequency, low-current EA. EA at LI6–LI7 and K1–B67 acupoints as well as direct stimulation of the superficial radial nerve did not cause any cardiovascular or rVLM neuronal effects. Cardiovascular neurons in the rVLM, a subset of which were classified as premotor sympathetic cells, responded to brief (30 s) stimulation of the SN as well as acupoints P5–P6, LI10–LI11, LI4–L7, S36–S37, LI6–LI7, or K1–B67, or underlying somatic pathways in a fashion similar to the reflex responses. In fact, we observed a significant linear relationship ( r2 = 0.71) between the evoked rVLM response and reflex change in mean arterial blood pressure. In addition, EA stimulation at P5–P6 and LI4–L7 decreased rVLM neuronal activity by 41 and 12%, respectively, for >1 h, demonstrating that prolonged input into the medulla during stimulation of somatic nerves, depending on the degree of convergence, leads to more or less inhibition of activity of these cardiovascular neurons. Thus EA at acupoints overlying deep and superficial somatic nerves leads to point-specific effects on cardiovascular reflex responses. In a similar manner, sympathetic cardiovascular rVLM neurons that respond to both visceral (reflex) and somatic (EA) nerve stimulation manifest graded responses during stimulation of specific acupoints, suggesting that this medullary region plays a role in site-specific inhibition of cardiovascular reflex responses by acupuncture.

UPPER-EXTREMITY PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES

Neurosurgery ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 65 (suppl_4) ◽  
pp. A11-A17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Murovic
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Ulnar Nerve ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Suture Repair ◽  
State University ◽  
Nerve Injuries ◽  
Louisiana State University ◽  
Nerve Action ◽  
Better Than

Abstract OBJECTIVE Data from three Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC) publications were summarized for median, radial, and ulnar nerve injuries. METHODS Lesion types, repair techniques, and outcomes were compared for 1837 upper-extremity nerve lesions. RESULTS Sharp laceration injury repair outcomes at various levels for median and radial nerves were equally good (91% each) and better than those for the ulnar nerve (73%). Secondary suture and graft repair outcomes were better for the median nerve (78% and 68%, respectively) than for the radial nerve (69% and 67%, respectively) and ulnar nerve (69% and 56%, respectively). In-continuity lesions with positive nerve action potentials during intraoperative testing underwent neurolysis with good results for the median (97%), radial (98%), and ulnar nerves (94%). For radial, median, and ulnar nerve in-continuity lesions with negative intraoperative nerve action potentials, good results occurred after suture repair in 88%, 86%, and 75% and after graft repair in 86%, 75% and 56%, respectively. CONCLUSION Good outcomes after median and radial nerve repairs are attributable to the following factors: the median nerve's innervation of proximal, large finger, and thumb flexors; and the radial nerve's similar innervation of proximal muscles that do not perform delicate movements. This is contrary to the ulnar nerve's major nerve supply to the distal fine intrinsic hand muscles, which require more extensive innervation. The radial nerve also has a motor fiber predominance, reducing cross-motor/sensory reinnervation, and radial nerve-innervated muscles perform similar functions, decreasing the chance of innervation of muscles with opposite functions.

scholarly journals Topographical, anatomical and neurosurgical aspects of "end-to-side" nerve repair

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
A. Y. Nisht ◽  
Nikolay F. Fomin ◽  
Vladimir P. Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Median Nerve ◽  
Ulnar Nerve ◽  
Lateral Surface ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Motor Branch ◽  
Deep Branch

The article presents the results of a comprehensive anatomical and experimental study of individual variability in the structure and topography of motor branches of peripheral nerves in relation to the justification of methods for selective reinnervation of tissues by the "end-to-side" neurorrhaphy. It was found that relatively longer branches of peripheral nerves with a small number of connecting inter-arm collaterals characteristic of narrow and long limbs create conditions for less traumatic mobilization of motor branches. In cases with relatively wide and short extremities mobilization of peripheral nerves is complicated by the presence of a large number of collateral branches and intra-trunk connections, which are often damaged when separate bundles that make up the mobilized branches of the donor or recipient nerve are isolated from the main nerve trunk. It has been shown that potential recipient nerves should be motor branches of peripheral nerves, the preservation of which is of fundamental importance for the function of the corresponding segment of the limb. To create conditions conducive to selective reinnervation of functionally significant muscle groups of the upper limb, we have developed, justified from anatomical positions, and tested in an experiment on anatomical material methods for connecting the distal motor branches of peripheral nerves by the "end-to-side" neurorrhaphy. The main idea of accelerated recovery of the thumb opposition in injuries of the median nerve is to reinnervate the muscles of the elevation of the I finger due to nerve fibers that are part of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. For this purpose, surgical techniques have been developed for connecting the recurrent motor branch of the damaged median nerve mobilized at the level of the wrist with the edges of a surgically formed perineurium defect on the lateral surface of the bundles that make up the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. In another clinical situation, in patients with radial nerve injuries, for the muscle reinnervation, а method is proposed for neurotisation of the deep motor branch of the radial nerve by the end-to-side suture to the lateral surface of the median nerve. We assume that performing the "end-to-side" nerve suture at the level of the base of the hand in the cases of proximal damage to the median nerve will reduce the time of reinnervation of the muscles of the thumb elevation by 400450 days. Transposition of the deep branch of the damaged at the proximal level radial nerve with "end-to-side" neurorrhaphy to the median nerve by 250300 days (based on the total length of the shoulder and forearm, which is about 50 cm and the rate of regeneration of nerve fibers 1 mm per day). Accordingly, with higher injuries (brachial plexus), the gain in the time of reinnervation of the distal segments will be even greater. In our opinion, the results can be used as a basis for further clinical research on the development of methods for selective tissue reinnervation in cases with isolated injuries of the peripheral nerves.

scholarly journals Large Unresponsive Zones Appear in Cat Somatosensory Cortex Immediately After Ulnar Nerve Cut

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Xiang Li ◽  
Robert S. Waters ◽  
Akinniran Oladehin ◽  
Eldridge F. Johnson ◽  
Carl A. McCandlish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Ulnar Nerve ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Primary Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Nerve Transection ◽  
Ketamine Anesthesia ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Immediate Response

Abstract:The organization of the primary somatosensory cortex innervated by the ulnar nerve was studied before and immediately after ulnar nerve transection in 11 cats electrophysiologically mapped under Nembutal or Ketamine anesthesia. The cortex was reexamined a second time beginning 42 hr after nerve transection in four cats anesthetized with Nembutal. One additional sham-operated control was also mapped. The region of cortex formerly served by the ulnar nerve remained largely unresponsive to somatic stimulation independent of the type of anesthetic used during recording. Nonetheless, animals anesthetized with Ketamine had more new responsive sites in deafferented cortex following nerve cut than cats anesthetized with Nembutal. New responses, when observed, were evoked by stimulation of a region of skin adjacent to the region served by the ulnar nerve. These findings suggest that the immediate response to deafferentation of somatosensory cortex is a limited acquisition of novel responses restricted to a region immediately adjacent to cortex containing normal afferent input.

Monitoring the excitability of neocortical efferent neurons to direct activation by extracellular current pulses

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 605-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Swadlow
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Afferent Pathways ◽  
Synaptic Inputs ◽  
Direct Activation ◽  
Current Pulses ◽  
Efferent Neurons ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Extracellular action potentials were recorded from antidromically activated efferent neurons in visual, somatosensory, and motor cortex of the awake rabbit using low-impedance metal microelectrodes. Efferent neurons were also activated by current pulses delivered near the soma [juxtasomal current pulses (JSCPs)] through the recording microelectrode. Action potentials generated by JSCPs were not directly observed (because of the stimulus artifact), but were inferred with the use of a collision paradigm. Efferent populations studied include callosal neurons [CC (n = 80)], ipsilateral corticocortical neurons [C-IC (n = 21)], corticothalamic neurons of layer 6 [CF-6 (n = 57)], and descending corticofugal neurons of layer 5 [CF-5, corticotectal neurons of the visual cortex (n = 48)]. 2. Most CC neurons (45/46) and all C-IC (8/8) and CF-6 neurons (39/39) were directly activated by JSCPs at near-threshold intensities. Some CF-5 neurons (9/38), however, showed evidence of indirect activation. All efferent classes had similar current thresholds (means 1.85-2.10 microA) to direct activation by JSCPs, and thresholds were inversely related to extracellular spike amplitude. For each neuron, the range of JSCP intensities that generated response probabilities of between 0.2 and 0.8 was measured, and this "range of uncertainty" was significantly greater in CF-5 neurons (mean 32.7% of threshold) than in CC (mean 19.0%) or CF-6 (mean 20.4%) neurons. 3. Several factors indicate that the threshold of efferent neurons to JSCPs is very sensitive to excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Iontophoretic applications of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) increased the threshold to JSCPs, and glutamate reduced the threshold. Electrical stimulation of afferent pathways at intensities just below threshold for eliciting action potentials resulted in a dramatic decrease in JSCP threshold. This initial short-latency threshold decrease was specific to stimulation of particular afferent pathways and is thought to reflect excitability changes associated with EPSPs. Examination of such subliminal responses revealed subthreshold synaptic inputs that were not revealed by examination of all-or-none action potentials. In contrast to the specificity of the short-latency threshold decrease, a long-lasting increase in JSCP threshold was seen in virtually all neurons after stimulation of each of the afferent pathways tested. This increase in threshold usually began 20-40 ms after stimulation, lasted for 100-200 ms, and is thought to reflect excitability changes associated with a long-lasting inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) seen in many cortical neurons. 4. Many neurons in primary somatosensory cortex of rat, cat, and rabbit have no demonstrable receptive fields.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Electrophysiological evidence for overlapping dominant and latent inputs to somatosensory cortex in squirrel monkeys

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 722-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Schroeder ◽  
S. Seto ◽  
J. C. Arezzo ◽  
P. E. Garraghty
Keyword(s):  
Ulnar Nerve ◽  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Nerve Section ◽  
Multiunit Activity ◽  
Preferential Access ◽  
Area 3B

1. The pattern of reorganization in area 3b of adult primates after median or ulnar nerve section suggests that somatic afferents from the dorsum of the hand, carried by the radial nerve, have preferential access to the cortical territories normally expressing glabrous inputs carried by the median and ulnar nerves. A likely mechanism underlying preferential access is preexisting, but silent, radial nerve inputs to the glabrous region of cortex. 2. We tested this by comparing the effects of electrical stimulation of median or ulnar versus radial nerves, on responses in the hand representation of area 3b. Laminar current source density and multiunit activity profiles were sampled with the use of linear array multicontact electrodes spanning the laminae of area 3b. Data were obtained from three squirrel monkeys anesthetized during recording. 3. Compared with colocated median or ulnar nerve responses, the radial nerve response had 1) an initial short-latency response in the middle laminae that was subtle; there was a small transmembrane current flow component without a discernable multiunit activity correlate; and 2) a laminar sequence and distribution of activity that was similar to those of the median or ulnar nerve responses (i.e., initial activation of the middle, followed by upper and lower laminae), but the significant current flow and multiunit response to radial nerve stimulation occurs 12–15 ms later. 4. Normal corepresentation of nondominant dorsum hand (radial) inputs with the dominant (median or ulnar) inputs in the glabrous hand surface representation provides a clear vehicle for the biased patterns of reorganization occurring after peripheral nerve section. The initial, “subtle” activity phase in the nondominant response is believed to reflect intracortical inhibition, and the later “significant” response phase, a rebound excitation, possibly compounded by an indirect or extralemniscal input. The spatiotemporal pattern of nondominant input is proposed to play a role in normal somatosensory perception.

Human cortical potentials evoked by stimulation of the median nerve. II. Cytoarchitectonic areas generating short-latency activity

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Allison ◽  
G. McCarthy ◽  
C. C. Wood ◽  
T. M. Darcey ◽  
D. D. Spencer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Median Nerve ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Cortical Surface ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Area 3B ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The anatomic generators of human median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in the 40 to 250-ms latency range were investigated in 54 patients by means of cortical-surface and transcortical recordings obtained during neurosurgery. 2. Contralateral stimulation evoked three groups of SEPs recorded from the hand representation area of sensorimotor cortex: P45-N80-P180, recorded anterior to the central sulcus (CS) and maximal on the precentral gyrus; N45-P80-N180, recorded posterior to the CS and maximal on the postcentral gyrus; and P50-N90-P190, recorded near and on either side of the CS. 3. P45-N80-P180 inverted in polarity to N45-P80-N180 across the CS but was similar in polarity from the cortical surface and white matter in transcortical recordings. These spatial distributions were similar to those of the short-latency P20-N30 and N20-P30 potentials described in the preceding paper, suggesting that these long-latency potentials are generated in area 3b of somatosensory cortex. 4. P50-N90-P190 was largest over the anterior one-half of somatosensory cortex and did not show polarity inversion across the CS. This spatial distribution was similar to that of the short-latency P25-N35 potentials described in the preceding paper and, together with our and Goldring et al. 1970; Stohr and Goldring 1969 transcortical recordings, suggest that these long-latency potentials are generated in area 1 of somatosensory cortex. 5. SEPs of apparently local origin were recorded from several regions of sensorimotor cortex to stimulation of the ipsilateral median nerve. Surface and transcortical recordings suggest that the ipsilateral potentials are generated not in area 3b, but rather in other regions of sensorimotor cortex perhaps including areas 4, 1, 2, and 7. This spatial distribution suggests that the ipsilateral potentials are generated by transcallosal input from the contralateral hemisphere. 6. Recordings from the periSylvian region were characterized by P100 and N100, recorded above and below the Sylvian sulcus (SS) respectively. This distribution suggests a tangential generator located in the upper wall of the SS in the second somatosensory area (SII). In addition, N125 and P200, recorded near and on either side of the SS, suggest a radial generator in a portion of SII located in surface cortex above the SS. 7. In comparison with the short-latency SEPs described in the preceding paper, the long-latency potentials were more variable and were more affected by intraoperative conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Electrical Activity in the Radial Nerve Cord And Ampullae of Sea Urchins

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-256
Author(s):  
D. C. SANDEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Side Branch ◽  
Single Shock ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Tube Feet ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. A single shock applied through wick electrodes to the isolated radial nerve cord of a sea urchin produces a recordable potential in the cord. The potential is conducted along the cord at a velocity of between 14 and 20 cm./sec. 2. The potential is complex and graded. Two components of the potential can be identified and have different thresholds to stimulation, conduction velocities and amplitudes. They are believed to represent two classes of fibres. 3. The potential is conducted decrementally along the cord and normally cannot be recorded at distances greater than 6o mm. from the stimulus. The amplitude of the potential decays logarithmically falling to half after 7 mm. spread. There is no facilitation of amplitude or distance of spread. 4. Potentials initiated simultaneously at either end of the isolated nerve cord collide and partially occlude each other. 5. Stimulation of a side branch of the nerve cord evokes potentials recordable from only ipsilateral neighbouring side branches and the whole cord. However, contractions of the contralateral ampullae following stimulation of lateral branches reveal spread of the excitation beyond the region of recordable potentials. 6. A single shock to a cord still attached to the test causes contraction of the associated ampullae. One ampulla will contract several times after a single shock, a period of relaxation following each contraction. 7. Electrical activity recorded from the ampullae, and lasting many seconds after the single shock, corresponds with their contractions. The activity is believed to be muscle action potentials. 8. Evidence of a feedback from damaged tube feet to the cord, suppressing ampulla response to cord stimulation, was found.

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