More than Breathing Air: Evolutionary Drivers and Physiological Implications of an Amphibious Lifestyle in Fishes

Physiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy J. Turko ◽  
Giulia S. Rossi ◽  
Patricia A. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Evolutionary Physiology ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Amphibious Fishes

Amphibious and aquatic air-breathing fishes both exchange respiratory gasses with the atmosphere, but these fishes differ in physiology, ecology, and possibly evolutionary origins. We introduce a scoring system to characterize interspecific variation in amphibiousness and use this system to highlight important unanswered questions about the evolutionary physiology of amphibious fishes.

scholarly journals Isopod distribution and climate change

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 801 ◽  
pp. 25-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spyros Sfenthourakis ◽  
Elisabeth Hornung
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Habitat Features ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Geographical Regions

The unique properties of terrestrial isopods regarding responses to limiting factors such as drought and temperature have led to interesting distributional patterns along climatic and other environmental gradients at both species and community level. This paper will focus on the exploration of isopod distributions in evaluating climate change effects on biodiversity at different scales, geographical regions, and environments, in view of isopods’ tolerances to environmental factors, mostly humidity and temperature. Isopod distribution is tightly connected to available habitats and habitat features at a fine spatial scale, even though different species may exhibit a variety of responses to environmental heterogeneity, reflecting the large interspecific variation within the group. Furthermore, isopod distributions show some notable deviations from common global patterns, mainly as a result of their ecological features and evolutionary origins. Responses to human disturbance are not always traceable, but a trend towards community homogenisation is often found under strong global urbanisation processes. In general, even though it is still not clear how predicted climate change will affect isopod distribution, there is evidence that mixed effects are to be expected, depending on the region under study. We still lack robust and extensive analyses of isopod distributions at different scales and at different biomes, as well as applications of distribution models that might help evaluate future trends.

scholarly journals Evolutionary and cardio‐respiratory physiology of air‐breathing and amphibious fishes

2019 ◽  
Vol 228 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Damsgaard ◽  
Vikram B. Baliga ◽  
Eric Bates ◽  
Warren Burggren ◽  
David J. McKenzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Amphibious Fishes

scholarly journals Oxygenation properties of hemoglobin and the evolutionary origins of isoform multiplicity in an amphibious air-breathing fish, the blue-spotted mudskipper (Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay F. Storz ◽  
Chandrasekhar Natarajan ◽  
Magnus K. Grouleff ◽  
Michael Vandewege ◽  
Federico G. Hoffmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Globin Gene ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Amino Acid Divergence ◽  
Boleophthalmus Pectinirostris ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTAmong the numerous lineages of teleost fish that have independently transitioned from obligate water-breathing to facultative air-breathing, evolved properties of hemoglobin (Hb)-O2 transport may have been shaped by the prevalence and severity of aquatic hypoxia (which influences the extent to which fish are compelled to switch to aerial respiration) as well as the anatomical design of air-breathing structures and the cardiovascular system. Here we examine the structure and function of Hbs in an amphibious, facultative air-breathing fish, the blue-spotted mudskipper (Boleophthalmus pectinirostris). We also characterized the genomic organization of the globin gene clusters of the species and we integrated phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses to unravel the duplicative history of the genes that encode the subunits of structurally distinct mudskipper Hb isoforms (isoHbs). The B. pectinirostris isoHbs exhibit high intrinsic O2-affinities, similar to those of hypoxia-tolerant, water-breathing teleosts, and remarkably large Bohr effects. Genomic analysis of conserved synteny revealed that the genes that encode the α-type subunits of the two main adult isoHbs are members of paralogous gene clusters that represent products of the teleost-specific whole-genome duplication. Experiments revealed no appreciable difference in the oxygenation properties of co-expressed isoHbs in spite of extensive amino acid divergence between the alternative α-chain subunit isoforms. It therefore appears that the ability to switch between aquatic and aerial respiration does not necessarily require a division of labor between functionally distinct isoHbs with specialized oxygenation properties.Summary statementThe blue-spotted mudskipper routinely switches between aquatic and aerial respiration. This respiratory versatility is associated with properties of hemoglobin-oxygen transport that are similar to those found in hypoxia-adapted water-breathing fishes.

scholarly journals The life aquatic: an association between habitat type and skin thickness in snakes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Shine ◽  
Claire Goiran ◽  
Catherine Shilton ◽  
Shai Meiri ◽  
Gregory P Brown
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Type ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Aquatic Animal ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Snake Species ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Sea Snakes ◽  
Fouling Organisms

Abstract An aquatic animal faces challenges not encountered by its terrestrial counterparts, promoting adaptive responses in multiple traits. For example, a thicker dermis might protect snakes when they are pushed against sharp objects by water currents, and might enable a snake to shed fouling organisms attached to its skin. We thus predicted that marine snakes should have thicker skin than terrestrial species, and that smaller sea snakes should have relatively thicker skin (because absolute, not relative, thickness determines vulnerability to fouling). Measurements of 192 snakes of 44 species supported those predictions. Many (but not all) sea snakes have skins 50% thicker than those of terrestrial and amphibious snake species, representing multiple independent evolutionary origins of thicker skin (in acrochordids, Laticauda sea kraits and both main clades of hydrophiine sea snakes). Marine snakes showed different allometries of skin thickness compared with their terrestrial counterparts; larger snakes had thicker skin within and among species of amphibious and terrestrial snakes, but larger aquatic snake species had thinner skin compared with smaller taxa. Interspecific variation in skin thickness was primarily due to increased collagen in the deep dermis, a physical barrier well suited to protecting against physical injury and to resisting penetration by epibionts.

scholarly journals Oxygenation properties of hemoglobin and the evolutionary origins of isoform multiplicity in an amphibious air-breathing fish, the blue-spotted mudskipper (Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)

2019 ◽  
Vol 223 (2) ◽  
pp. jeb217307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay F. Storz ◽  
Chandrasekhar Natarajan ◽  
Magnus K. Grouleff ◽  
Michael Vandewege ◽  
Federico G. Hoffmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Breathing ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Boleophthalmus Pectinirostris

An Investigation of the Assumptions Underlying the Scoring System of the Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale: Revised

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
Richard J. Schissel ◽  
Linda B. James
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence

This study examines the assumptions underlying the scoring system of the Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale: Revised. Twenty-one children between the ages of four years two months and six years 11 months were administered the Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale: Revised and the Screening Deep Test of Articulation. The subjects' performance on the two tests was compared for the phones: [s], [l], [r], [t∫], [θ], [∫], [k], [f], and [t]. Results suggested that 1) the production of most sounds in only two contexts does not necessarily reflect the accuracy of production of those sounds in other contexts, and 2) for the sounds tested, the weightings assigned on the basis of their frequency of occurrence rather than the frequency with which they were misarticulated overestimated the extent of many articulation errors.

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of nailfold capillaries by capillaroscopy in healthy volunteers

VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoerth ◽  
Kundi ◽  
Katzenschlager ◽  
Hirschl
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Connective Tissue Diseases ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Extreme Position ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Diffuse Loss ◽  
Density Results

Background: Nailfold capillaroscopy (NVC) is a diagnostic tool particularly useful in the differential diagnosis of rheumatic and connective tissue diseases. Although successfully applied since many years, little is known about prevalence and distribution of NVC changes in healthy individuals. Probands and methods: NVC was performed in 120 individuals (57 men and 63 women; age 18 to 70 years) randomly selected according to predefined age and sex strata. Diseases associated with NVC changes were excluded. The nailfolds of eight fingers were assessed according to standardized procedures. A scoring system was developed based on the distribution of the number of morphologically deviating capillaries, microhaemorrhages, and capillary density. Results: Only 18 individuals (15 %) had no deviation in morphology, haemorrhages, or capillary density on any finger. Overall 67 % had morphological changes, 48 % had microhaemorrhages, and 40 % of volunteers below 40 years of age and 18 % above age 40 had less than 8 capillaries/mm. Among morphological changes tortous (43 %), ramified (47 %), and bushy capillaries (27 %) were the most frequently altered capillary types. A semiquantitative scoring system was developed in such a way that a score above 1 indicates an extreme position (above the 90th percentile) in the distribution of scores among healthy individuals. Conclusions: Altered capillaries occur frequently among healthy individuals and should be interpreted as normal unless a suspicious increase in their frequency is determined by reference to the scoring system. Megacapillaries and diffuse loss of capillaries were not found and seem to be of specific diagnostic value.

Professionelle Wahrnehmung und Fachkraft-Kind-Interaktion von KiTa-Fachkräften

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Christoph Mischo ◽  
Katrin Wolstein ◽  
Svenja Peters
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Classroom Assessment ◽  
Classroom Assessment Scoring System ◽  
Professionelle Wahrnehmung

Zusammenfassung. Die Professionelle Wahrnehmung von Pädagoginnen und Pädagogen als Fähigkeit zur Identifikation, Interpretation und Bewertung relevanter Merkmale pädagogischer Interaktion stellt eine wichtige pädagogische Teilkompetenz dar. Empirisch untersucht ist die Professionelle Wahrnehmung insbesondere bei Lehrkräften, kaum dagegen bei Fachkräften in KiTas. Ziel dieser Studie ist daher die Untersuchung von Zusammenhängen zwischen der Professionellen Wahrnehmung und dem beobachteten Handeln von KiTa-Fachkräften. Zur Evokation der Professionellen Wahrnehmung wurden 120 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern typische Fachkraft-Kind-Interaktionen als Video-Stimuli dargeboten. Die Erfassung der Professionellen Wahrnehmung erfolgte mit zwei offenen (Lautes Denken und retrospektives Interview) sowie mit einem geschlossenen Antwortformat (Rating-Skalen). Zur Einschätzung der Qualität des Interaktionsverhaltens der Fachkräfte wurde das international gut etablierte Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS Pre-K) eingesetzt. Bei der Zusammenhangsprüfung im Rahmen eines Strukturgleichungsmodells mit latenten Variablen zeigte nur die mit der Methode des Lauten Denkens erfasste Professionelle Wahrnehmung Zusammenhänge mit den CLASS-Domänen Organisation des KiTA-Alltags und Lernunterstützung. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die Implikationen der Erhebungsmethodik für die Professionelle Wahrnehmung diskutiert.

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