Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Purposive Saccadic Eye Movements

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 953-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okihide Hikosaka ◽  
Yoriko Takikawa ◽  
Reiko Kawagoe
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Behavioral Adaptation ◽  
Inhibitory Input ◽  
Behavioral Context ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Cortical Inputs

In addition to their well-known role in skeletal movements, the basal ganglia control saccadic eye movements (saccades) by means of their connection to the superior colliculus (SC). The SC receives convergent inputs from cerebral cortical areas and the basal ganglia. To make a saccade to an object purposefully, appropriate signals must be selected out of the cortical inputs, in which the basal ganglia play a crucial role. This is done by the sustained inhibitory input from the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) to the SC. This inhibition can be removed by another inhibition from the caudate nucleus (CD) to the SNr, which results in a disinhibition of the SC. The basal ganglia have another mechanism, involving the external segment of the globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus, with which the SNr-SC inhibition can further be enhanced. The sensorimotor signals carried by the basal ganglia neurons are strongly modulated depending on the behavioral context, which reflects working memory, expectation, and attention. Expectation of reward is a critical determinant in that the saccade that has been rewarded is facilitated subsequently. The interaction between cortical and dopaminergic inputs to CD neurons may underlie the behavioral adaptation toward purposeful saccades.

scholarly journals The role of action intentionality and effector in the subjective expansion of temporal duration after saccadic eye movements

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Melcher ◽  
Devpriya Kumar ◽  
Narayanan Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Intentional Binding ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Saccade Onset ◽  
Backward Shift ◽  
The Moment

Abstract Visual perception is based on periods of stable fixation separated by saccadic eye movements. Although naive perception seems stable (in space) and continuous (in time), laboratory studies have demonstrated that events presented around the time of saccades are misperceived spatially and temporally. Saccadic chronostasis, the “stopped clock illusion”, represents one such temporal distortion in which the movement of the clock hand after the saccade is perceived as lasting longer than usual. Multiple explanations for chronostasis have been proposed including action-backdating, temporal binding of the action towards the moment of its effect (“intentional binding”) and post-saccadic temporal dilation. The current study aimed to resolve this debate by using different types of action (keypress vs saccade) and varying the intentionality of the action. We measured both perceived onset of the motor action and perceived onset of an auditory tone presented at different delays after the keypress/saccade. The results showed intentional binding for the keypress action, with perceived motor onset shifted forwards in time and the time of the tone shifted backwards. Saccades resulted in the opposite pattern, showing temporal expansion rather than compression, especially with cued saccades. The temporal illusion was modulated by intentionality of the movement. Our findings suggest that saccadic chronostasis is not solely dependent on a backward shift in perceived saccade onset, but instead reflects a temporal dilation. This percept of an effectively “longer” period at the beginning of a new fixation may reflect the pattern of suppressed, and then enhanced, visual processing around the time of saccades.

scholarly journals The role of fixation disengagement in the parallel programming of sequences of saccades

2019 ◽  
Vol 237 (11) ◽  
pp. 3033-3045
Author(s):  
Eugene McSorley ◽  
Iain D. Gilchrist ◽  
Rachel McCloy
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Parallel Programming ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Gap Effect ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Trial Duration ◽  
Visual Tasks

Abstract One of the core mechanisms involved in the control of saccade responses to selected target stimuli is the disengagement from the current fixation location, so that the next saccade can be executed. To carry out everyday visual tasks, we make multiple eye movements that can be programmed in parallel. However, the role of disengagement in the parallel programming of saccades has not been examined. It is well established that the need for disengagement slows down saccadic response time. This may be important in allowing the system to program accurate eye movements and have a role to play in the control of multiple eye movements but as yet this remains untested. Here, we report two experiments that seek to examine whether fixation disengagement reduces saccade latencies when the task completion demands multiple saccade responses. A saccade contingent paradigm was employed and participants were asked to execute saccadic eye movements to a series of seven targets while manipulating when these targets were shown. This both promotes fixation disengagement and controls the extent that parallel programming can occur. We found that trial duration decreased as more targets were made available prior to fixation: this was a result both of a reduction in the number of saccades being executed and in their saccade latencies. This supports the view that even when fixation disengagement is not required, parallel programming of multiple sequential saccadic eye movements is still present. By comparison with previous published data, we demonstrate a substantial speeded of response times in these condition (“a gap effect”) and that parallel programming is attenuated in these conditions.

Role of Saccadic Eye Movements in Cognitive Processes

2009 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
N. A. Ryabchikova ◽  
B. H. Bazyian ◽  
V. B. Poliansky ◽  
O. A. Pletnev
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements

5. Role of the amygdala in the control of saccadic eye movements

2008 ◽  
Vol 119 (9) ◽  
pp. e166
Author(s):  
S.L. Gonzalez Andino ◽  
C. Laine ◽  
R. Grave de Peralta ◽  
K.L. Gothard
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements

Effects of caudate microstimulation on spontaneous and purposive saccades

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Watanabe ◽  
Douglas P. Munoz
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Behavioral Symptoms ◽  
Intrinsic Signals ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Behavioral Paradigm ◽  
The Impact

Electrical stimulation has been delivered to the basal ganglia (BG) to treat intractable symptoms of a variety of clinical disorders. However, it is still unknown how such treatments improve behavioral symptoms. A difficulty of this problem is that artificial signals created by electrical stimulation interact with intrinsic signals before influencing behavior, thereby making it important to understand how such interactions between artificial and intrinsic signals occur. We addressed this issue by analyzing the effects of electrical stimulation under the following two behavioral conditions that induce different states of intrinsic signals: 1) subjects behave spontaneously without task demands; and 2) subjects perform a behavioral paradigm purposefully. We analyzed saccadic eye movements in monkeys while delivering microstimulation to the head and body of the caudate nucleus, a major input stage of the oculomotor BG. When monkeys generated spontaneous saccades, caudate microstimulation biased saccade vector endpoints toward the contralateral direction of stimulation sites. However, when caudate microstimulation was delivered during a purposive prosaccade (look toward a visual stimulus) or an antisaccade (look away from a stimulus) paradigm, it created overall ipsilateral biases by suppressing contralateral saccades more strongly than ipsilateral saccades. These results suggest that the impact of BG electrical stimulation changes dynamically depending on the state of intrinsic signals that vary under a variety of behavioral demands in everyday life.

Saccadic eye movements and the basal ganglia

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne R. Vokoun ◽  
Safraaz Mahamed ◽  
Michele A. Basso
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements
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