Quantum Core Affect. Process-Semantic Theory of Emotions

The paper describes model of human affect based on quantum theory of semantics. The model considers emotion as subjective representation of behavioral context relative to a basis binary choice, organized by cyclical process structure and an orthogonal evaluation axis. The resulting spherical space, generalizing well-known circumplex models, accommodates basic emotions in specific angular domains. Predicted process-semantic structure of affect is observed in the word2vec data, as well as in the previously obtained spaces of emotion concepts. The established quantum-theoretic structure of affective space connects emotion science with quantum models of cognition and behavior, opening perspective for synergetic progress in these fields.

Context value updating and multidimensional neuronal encoding in the retrosplenial cortex

The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) has diverse functional inputs and is engaged by various sensory, spatial, and associative learning tasks. We examine how multiple functional aspects are integrated on the single-cell level in the RSC and how the encoding of task-related parameters changes across learning. Using a visuospatial context discrimination paradigm and two-photon calcium imaging in behaving mice, a large proportion of dysgranular RSC neurons was found to encode multiple task-related dimensions while forming context-value associations across learning. During reversal learning requiring increased cognitive flexibility, we revealed an increased proportion of multidimensional encoding neurons that showed higher decoding accuracy for behaviorally relevant context-value associations. Chemogenetic inactivation of RSC led to decreased behavioral context discrimination during learning phases in which context-value associations were formed, while recall of previously formed associations remained intact. RSC inactivation resulted in a persistent positive behavioral bias in valuing contexts, indicating a role for the RSC in context-value updating.

Cis-regulatory changes in locomotor genes are associated with the evolution of burrowing behavior

SummaryHow evolution modifies complex, innate behaviors is largely unknown. Divergence in many morphological traits has been linked, at least in part, to cis-regulatory changes in gene expression, a pattern also observed in some behaviors of recently diverged populations. Given this, we compared the gene expression in the brains of two interfertile sister species of Peromyscus mice, including allele-specific expression (ASE) of their F1 hybrids, that show large and heritable differences in burrowing behavior. Because cis-regulation may contribute to constitutive as well as activity-dependent gene expression, we also captured a molecular signature of burrowing circuit divergence by quantifying gene expression in mice shortly after burrowing. We found that several thousand genes were differentially expressed between the two sister species regardless of behavioral context, with several thousand more showing behavior-dependent differences. Allele-specific expression in F1 hybrids showed a similar pattern, suggesting that much of the differential expression is driven by cis-regulatory divergence. Genes related to locomotor coordination showed the strongest signals of lineage-specific selection on burrowing-induced cis-regulatory changes. By comparing these candidate genes to independent quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping data, we found that the closest QTL markers to these candidate genes are associated with variation in burrow shape, demonstrating an enrichment for candidate locomotor genes near segregating causal loci. Together, our results provide insight into how cis-regulated gene expression can depend on behavioral context as well as how this dynamic regulatory divergence between species can be integrated with forward genetics to enrich our understanding of the genetic basis of behavioral evolution.

Oxytocinergic Feedback Circuitries: An Anatomical Basis for Neuromodulation of Social Behaviors

Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide produced by hypothalamic neurons and is known to modulate social behavior among other functions. Several experiments have shown that OT modulates neuronal activity in many brain areas, including sensory cortices. OT neurons thus project axons to various cortical and subcortical structures and activate neuronal subpopulations to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, and in turn, increases the saliency of social stimuli. Less is known about the origin of inputs to OT neurons, but recent studies show that cells projecting to OT neurons are often located in regions where the OT receptor (OTR) is expressed. Thus, we propose the existence of reciprocal connectivity between OT neurons and extrahypothalamic OTR neurons to tune OT neuron activity depending on the behavioral context. Furthermore, the latest studies have shown that OTR-expressing neurons located in social brain regions also project to other social brain regions containing OTR-expressing neurons. We hypothesize that OTR-expressing neurons across the brain constitute a common network coordinated by OT.

Computational Mechanisms Mediating Inhibitory Control of Coordinated Eye-Hand Movements

Significant progress has been made in understanding the computational and neural mechanisms that mediate eye and hand movements made in isolation. However, less is known about the mechanisms that control these movements when they are coordinated. Here, we outline our computational approaches using accumulation-to-threshold and race-to-threshold models to elucidate the mechanisms that initiate and inhibit these movements. We suggest that, depending on the behavioral context, the initiation and inhibition of coordinated eye-hand movements can operate in two modes—coupled and decoupled. The coupled mode operates when the task context requires a tight coupling between the effectors; a common command initiates both effectors, and a unitary inhibitory process is responsible for stopping them. Conversely, the decoupled mode operates when the task context demands weaker coupling between the effectors; separate commands initiate the eye and hand, and separate inhibitory processes are responsible for stopping them. We hypothesize that the higher-order control processes assess the behavioral context and choose the most appropriate mode. This computational mechanism can explain the heterogeneous results observed across many studies that have investigated the control of coordinated eye-hand movements and may also serve as a general framework to understand the control of complex multi-effector movements.

Significant Other’s Anticipated Emotions Increase Student’s Intention to Avoid Smoking

This research started with the premise that individuals could take the initiative and regulate their behavior to generate Significant Others’ Anticipated Emotions (SOAEs). Could the SOAEs function as a social element of behavior in addition to subjective norms (SN)? This research aimed to answer this question. Therefore, the researcher extended the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and argued that the SOAEs influenced behavioral intention through attitude toward behavior based on cognitive balance theory. In the smoking abstinence behavioral context, the researcher tested the extended model. The data from 242 respondents chosen conveniently, analyzed using structural equation modeling, revealed that significant others’ anticipated joyfulness (SOAJ) for smoking abstinence behavior and significant others’ anticipated distress (SOAD) for smoking behavior positively influences anti-smoking behavior through attitude. Moreover, the sole influence of the SOAJ and cumulative influence of SOAJ and SOAD on smoking abstinence intention are higher than that of the SN. As a new component of TPB, the SOAEs complement and do not rival the SN. Other researchers can utilize a longitudinal research design and test the extended model in different contexts of behaviors.

Parental mediation on children’s emotional behavioral adjustment in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

Background: The present research was designed to investigate the influence of parental mediation on children’s emotional, behavioral adjustment and the moderation effect of children’s gender and parents’ education level on the association. Methods: 177 parents from Kota Kinabalu (central capital of Sabah) participated as the respondents answering online questionnaires which involved Livingstone and Helsper (2008) Parental Mediation (LHPM), and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: Multiple regression analysis indicated a significant positive association of monitoring and active co-use with prosocial behaviors; F (2, 174) = 14.393, p < .05. Monitoring was negatively significantly associated with conduct problems; F (1, 175) = 5.267, p < .05 and hyperactivity/inattention; F (1, 175) = 13.920, p < .05. Active co-use was negatively significantly associated with peer problems; F (1, 175) = 7.005, p < .05. Interaction and technical restriction were not significantly associated with any contexts of SDQ. The moderation analysis for children’s gender and parents’ education level reflected no significant association. Conclusions: Overall, integrating monitoring and active co-use as parental mediation strategies is encouraged in Malaysia’s context. Both strategies significantly influence children’s adjustment in the emotional, behavioral context, promote positive behavior, and decrease the risk of negative ones.

Children infer the behavioral contexts of unfamiliar foreign songs

Humans readily make inferences about the behavioral context of the music they hear. These inferences tend to be accurate, even if the songs are in foreign languages or unfamiliar musical idioms: upon hearing a Blackfoot lullaby, a Korean listener with no experience of Blackfoot music, language, or broader culture is far more likely to judge the music’s function as “to soothe a baby” than as “for dancing”. Are such inferences shaped by musical exposure or does the human mind naturally detect certain links between musical form and function? Children’s developing experiences with music provide a clear test of this question. We studied musical inferences in a large sample of children (𝑁 = 2,418), who heard dance, lullaby, and healing songs from 70 world cultures and were tasked with guessing the original behavioral context in which each was performed. We found little evidence for the effect of experience on musical inferences: children reliably inferred the original behavioral contexts of unfamiliar foreign songs, with only minimal improvement in performance from the youngest (age 3 or younger) to the oldest (age 12) participants. Children’s inferences tightly correlated with those of adults for the same songs, as collected from a similar massive online experiment (𝑁 = 85,068). Moreover, the same acoustic features explained variability in both children’s and adults’ inferences. These findings imply that accurate inferences about the behavioral contexts of music, driven by links between form and function in music across cultures, do not require extensive musical experience.