scholarly journals Proof of Concept: Model Based Bionic Muscle with Hyperbolic Force-Velocity Relation

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. B. Haeufle ◽  
M. Günther ◽  
R. Blickhan ◽  
S. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Contractile Element ◽  
Artificial Muscles ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Concept Model ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Velocity Relation ◽  
Mechanical Spring ◽  
Force Velocity ◽  
Operating Points

Recently, the hyperbolic Hill-type force-velocity relation was derived from basic physical components. It was shown that a contractile element CE consisting of a mechanical energy source (active element AE), a parallel damper element (PDE), and a serial element (SE) exhibits operating points with hyperbolic force-velocity dependency. In this paper, a technical proof of this concept was presented. AE and PDE were implemented as electric motors, SE as a mechanical spring. The force-velocity relation of this artificial CE was determined in quick release experiments. The CE exhibited hyperbolic force-velocity dependency. This proof of concept can be seen as a well-founded starting point for the development of Hill-type artificial muscles.

scholarly journals Running backwards: soft landing–hard takeoff, a less efficient rebound

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1704) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Cavagna ◽  
M. A. Legramandi ◽  
A. La Torre
Keyword(s):  
Basic Property ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Soft Landing ◽  
Average Force ◽  
Basic Force ◽  
Velocity Relation ◽  
Force Velocity ◽  
Human Running

Human running at low and intermediate speeds is characterized by a greater average force exerted after ‘landing’, when muscle–tendon units are stretched (‘hard landing’), and a lower average force exerted before ‘takeoff’, when muscle–tendon units shorten (‘soft takeoff’). This landing–takeoff asymmetry is consistent with the force–velocity relation of the ‘motor’ (i.e. with the basic property of muscle to resist stretching with a force greater than that developed during shortening), but it may also be due to the ‘machine’ (e.g. to the asymmetric lever system of the foot operating during stance). Hard landing and soft takeoff—never the reverse—were found in running, hopping and trotting animals using diverse lever systems, suggesting that the different machines evolved to comply with the basic force–velocity relation of the motor. Here we measure the mechanical energy of the centre of mass of the body in backward running, an exercise where the normal coupling between motor and machine is voluntarily disrupted, in order to see the relevance of the motor–machine interplay in human running. We find that the landing–takeoff asymmetry is reversed. The resulting ‘soft landing’ and ‘hard takeoff’ are associated with a reduced efficiency of positive work production. We conclude that the landing–takeoff asymmetry found in running, hopping and trotting is the expression of a convenient interplay between motor and machine. More metabolic energy must be spent in the opposite case when muscle is forced to work against its basic property (i.e. when it must exert a greater force during shortening and a lower force during stretching).

scholarly journals Verification and Strategy Synthesis for Coalition Announcement Logic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Alechina ◽  
Hans van Ditmarsch ◽  
Rustam Galimullin ◽  
Tuo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Model Checking ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Model Checker ◽  
Complete Model ◽  
Concept Model ◽  
The Family ◽  
Winning Strategies ◽  
Epistemic Goals

AbstractCoalition announcement logic (CAL) is one of the family of the logics of quantified announcements. It allows us to reason about what a coalition of agents can achieve by making announcements in the setting where the anti-coalition may have an announcement of their own to preclude the former from reaching its epistemic goals. In this paper, we describe a PSPACE-complete model checking algorithm for CAL that produces winning strategies for coalitions. The algorithm is implemented in a proof-of-concept model checker.

The consequences of fibre heterogeneity on the force-velocity relation of skeletal muscle

1988 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. JOSEPHSON ◽  
K. A. P. EDMAN
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Velocity Relation ◽  
Force Velocity

The development of the force-velocity relation in normal and dantrolene-treated frog single muscle fibres

1983 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Cecchi ◽  
F. Colomo ◽  
G. Piazzesi
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Single Muscle ◽  
Velocity Relation ◽  
Force Velocity

Force-velocity relation in chemically skinned rat portal vein

1983 ◽  
Vol 397 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Arner
Keyword(s):  
Portal Vein ◽  
Rat Portal Vein ◽  
Velocity Relation ◽  
Force Velocity

scholarly journals Identification of high-efficiency 3′GG gRNA motifs in indexed FASTA files with ngg2

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. e33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisha D. Roberson
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Command Line Tool ◽  
Reference Genomes

CRISPR/Cas9 is emerging as one of the most-used methods of genome modification in organisms ranging from bacteria to human cells. However, the efficiency of editing varies tremendously site-to-site. A recent report identified a novel motif, called the 3′GG motif, which substantially increases the efficiency of editing at all sites tested inC. elegans. Furthermore, they highlighted that previously published gRNAs with high editing efficiency also had this motif. I designed a Python command-line tool, ngg2, to identify 3′GG gRNA sites from indexed FASTA files. As a proof-of-concept, I screened for these motifs in six model genomes:Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Caenorhabditis elegans,Drosophila melanogaster,Danio rerio,Mus musculus, andHomo sapiens. I also scanned the genomes of pig (Sus scrofa) and African elephant (Loxodonta africana) to demonstrate the utility in non-model organisms. I identified more than 60 million single match 3′GG motifs in these genomes. Greater than 61% of all protein coding genes in the reference genomes had at least one unique 3′GG gRNA site overlapping an exon. In particular, more than 96% of mouse and 93% of human protein coding genes have at least one unique, overlapping 3′GG gRNA. These identified sites can be used as a starting point in gRNA selection, and the ngg2 tool provides an important ability to identify 3′GG editing sites in any species with an available genome sequence.

Force-Velocity Relation in Throwing

1973 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shintaro Toyoshima ◽  
Mitsumasa Miyashita
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Relation ◽  
Force Velocity
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