scholarly journals Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Saulle ◽  
Brian D. Greenwald
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Emotional Disturbances ◽  
American Football ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Apoe4 Allele ◽  
Closed Head

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is a long-term consequence of single or repetitive closed head injuries for which there is no treatment and no definitive pre-mortem diagnosis. It has been closely tied to athletes who participate in contact sports like boxing, American football, soccer, professional wrestling and hockey. Risk factors include head trauma, presence of ApoE3 or ApoE4 allele, military service, and old age. It is histologically identified by the presence of tau-immunoreactive NFTs and NTs with some cases having a TDP-43 proteinopathy or beta-amyloid plaques. It has an insidious clinical presentation that begins with cognitive and emotional disturbances and can progress to Parkinsonian symptoms. The exact mechanism for CTE has not been precisely defined however, research suggest it is due to an ongoing metabolic and immunologic cascade called immunoexcitiotoxicity. Prevention and education are currently the most compelling way to combat CTE and will be an emphasis of both physicians and athletes. Further research is needed to aid in pre-mortem diagnosis, therapies, and support for individuals and their families living with CTE.

Long-Term Functional Status and Mortality of Elderly Patients with Severe Closed Head Injuries

1996 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sashi Kilaru ◽  
Jane Garb ◽  
Timothy Emhoff ◽  
Viriato Fiallo ◽  
Bruce Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head

Long-Term Consequences of Closed-Head Injuries

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Marschark ◽  
Lynda Richtsmeier ◽  
Herbert Crovitz
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Long Term Consequences

Acute and long-term management of sports-related closed head injuries

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok R Asthagiri ◽  
Aaron S Dumont ◽  
Jonas M Sheehan
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Term Management

scholarly journals Repeated Mild Closed Head Injuries Induce Long-Term White Matter Pathology and Neuronal Loss That Are Correlated With Behavioral Deficits

ASN NEURO ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 175909141878192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M. Gold ◽  
Vitaly Vasilevko ◽  
Jonathan Hasselmann ◽  
Casey Tiefenthaler ◽  
Danny Hoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Behavioral Impairments

An estimated 5.3 million Americans are living with a disability from a traumatic brain injury (TBI). There is emerging evidence of the detrimental effects from repeated mild TBIs (rmTBIs). rmTBI manifests its own unique set of behavioral and neuropathological changes. A subset of individuals exposed to rmTBI develop permanent behavioral and pathological consequences, defined postmortem as chronic traumatic encephalopathy. We have combined components of two classic rodent models of TBI, the controlled cortical impact model and the weight drop model, to develop a repeated mild closed head injury (rmCHI) that produces long-term deficits in several behaviors that correlate with neuropathological changes. Mice receiving rmCHI performed differently from 1-hit or sham controls on the elevated plus maze; these deficits persist up to 6 months postinjury (MPI). rmCHI mice performed worse than 1-hit and control sham mice at 2 MPI and 6 MPI on the Morris water maze. Mice receiving rmCHI exhibited significant atrophy of the corpus callosum at both 2 MPI and 6 MPI, as assessed by stereological volume analysis. Stereological analysis also revealed significant loss of cortical neurons in comparison with 1-hit and controls. Moreover, both of these pathological changes correlated with behavioral impairments. In human tau transgenic mice, rmCHI induced increases in hyperphosphorylated paired helical filament 1 tau in the hippocampus. This suggests that strategies to restore myelination or reduce neuronal loss may ameliorate the behavioral deficits observed following rmCHI and that rmCHI may model chronic traumatic encephalopathy in human tau mice.

Closed Head Injuries in Athletes

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence B. Lehman ◽  
Steven J. Ravich
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head

scholarly journals A Retrospective Analysis of Softball-Related Head and Facial Injuries Treated in United States Emergency Departments, 2013-2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 232596711982566 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Strickland ◽  
Marie Crandall ◽  
Grant R. Bevill
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weighted Estimate ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Facial Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Background: Softball is a popular sport played through both competitive and recreational leagues. While head and facial injuries are a known problem occurring from games, little is known about the frequency or mechanisms by which they occur. Purpose: To analyze head/face injury diagnoses and to identify the mechanisms associated with such injuries. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: A public database was used to query data related to head/facial injuries sustained in softball. Data including age, sex, race/ethnicity, injury diagnosis, affected body parts, disposition, incident location, and narrative descriptions were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 3324 head and face injuries were documented in the database over the time span of 2013 to 2017, resulting in a nationwide weighted estimate of 121,802 head/face injuries occurring annually. The mean age of the players was 21.5 ± 14.4 years; 72.1% of injured players were female, while 27.9% were male. The most common injury diagnoses were closed head injuries (22.0%), contusions (18.7%), concussions (17.7%), lacerations (17.1%), and fractures (15.1%). The overwhelming majority of injuries involved being struck by a ball (74.3%), followed by colliding with another player (8.3%), colliding with the ground or a fixed object (5.0%), or being struck by a bat (2.8%). For those injuries caused by a struck-by-ball incident, most occurred from defensive play (83.7% were fielders struck by a hit or thrown ball) as opposed to offensive play (12.3% were players hit by a pitch or runners struck by a ball). Although helmet usage was poorly tracked in the database, female players (1.3%) were significantly more likely to have been wearing a helmet at the time of injury than were male players (0.2%) ( P = .002). Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that a large number of head and face injuries occur annually within the United States as a result of softball play. A variety of injuries were observed, with the majority involving defensive players being struck by the ball, which highlights the need for more focus on player safety by stronger adherence to protective headgear usage and player health monitoring.

The glial reaction in closed head injuries

1991 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. CROOKS ◽  
C. L. SCHOLTZ ◽  
G. VOWLES ◽  
S. GREENWALD ◽  
S. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Glial Reaction ◽  
Closed Head
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