“En-Face” Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome

Purpose. The recent use of “en-face” enhanced-depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI SD-OCT) helps distinguish the retinal layers involved in the physiopathology of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS).Methods. Four patients presenting with MEWDS underwent a comprehensive ocular examination including C-scan (“en-face”) EDI SD-OCT at the initial visit and during follow-up.Results. C-scans combined with the other multimodal imaging enabled the visualization of retinal damage. Acute lesions appeared as diffuse and focal disruptions occurring in the ellipsoid and interdigitation zones. The match between autofluorescence imaging, indocyanine green angiography, and “en-face” OCT helped identify the acute microstructural damages in the outer retina further than the choroid. Follow-up using “en-face” EDI-OCT revealed progressive and complete recovery of the central outer retinal layers.Conclusion. “En-face” EDI SD-OCT identified the site of initial damage in MEWDS as the photoreceptors and the interdigitation layers rather than the choroid. Moreover, “en-face” OCT is helpful in the follow-up of these lesions by being able to show the recovery of the outer retinal layers.

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B-Scan and “En-Face” Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging for the Diagnosis and Followup of Acute Retinal Pigment Epitheliitis

Case Reports in Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/260237 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Flore De Bats ◽

Benjamin Wolff ◽

Martine Mauget-Faÿsse ◽

Claire Scemama ◽

Laurent Kodjikian

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Indocyanine Green ◽

Structural Damage ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Spectral Domain ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

En Face Oct ◽

En Face ◽

Sd Oct

Purpose. To report B-scan and “En-face” spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings in acute retinal pigment epitheliitis (ARPE).Methods. Two patients (3 eyes) with ARPE were examined. Fluorescein and indocyanine green (ICGA) angiography, B-scan, and “En-face” SD-OCT were performed in each patient at initial and follow-up visits.Results. Both patients presented with acute onset of blurred vision, and one with bilateral involvement. B-can OCT revealed disruption of the macular retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) inner band layer and photoreceptors’ inner and outer segment (IS-OS) junction. Hyperreflective dots were observed in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) above the RPE/IS-OS disruption. Just around these hyperreflective dots, slight thickening of the hyperreflective IS/OS junction was observed. During the late phase, indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) showed a macular cockade-like hyperfluorescent halo. “En-face” OCT showed the same cockade-like appearance with a hyporeflective center and a hyperreflective border matching the pattern observed on ICGA. At followup, as vision improved without treatment, B-scan OCT demonstrated progressive resolution of the hyperreflective and disrupted lesions; “en-face” OCT also showed disappearance of the macular cockade-like halo with a transient discrete hyperreflective macular star at the RPE level in one eye.Conclusion. “En-face” OCT associated with B-scan SD-OCT analysis appears to be very helpful in the diagnosis and followup of ARPE. The pathophysiology of ARPE remains complex and still poorly understood. These techniques help define the location and extent of structural damage occurring in this disease.

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En Face Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging Ellipsoid Zone Regeneration in Laser-Induced and Solar Maculopathies

Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine ◽

10.1155/2019/3849871 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Jeanne M. Gunzinger ◽

Katrin Fasler ◽

Daniel Barthelmes ◽

Peter Maloca ◽

Pascal W. Hasler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Case Series ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Retrospective Case ◽

Ellipsoid Zone ◽

En Face Oct ◽

En Face ◽

Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging ◽

Sd Oct

The purpose of the study was to analyze imaging findings in spectral domain en face optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) in patients with laser‐induced and solar maculopathies focusing on the possible regeneration of the ellipsoid zone. In a retrospective case series of 3 patients (4 eyes) with solar maculopathy and 2 patients (3 eyes) with laser‐induced maculopathy who underwent a comprehensive ocular examination, ellipsoid zone (EZ) was segmented from SD OCT data. Evaluation of EZ in en face OCT revealed a hyporeflective lesion surrounded by a hyperreflective border. The area of EZ alteration was measured manually in en face OCT. All patients showed partial EZ regeneration. Mean EZ alteration decreased from 0.12 mm2 (range: 0.05–0.32) at baseline to 0.07 mm2 (range: 0.01–0.22) at last follow‐up (p=0.018, mean follow‐up: 372 days; range: 115–592). Mean best visual acuity (BVA) improved from 20/36 at baseline to 20/30 (p=0.018). In conclusion, en face OCT imaging clearly delineated the area of EZ alteration in patients with laser‐induced and solar maculopathies. Follow-up showed significant reformation of the EZ as well as improvement of BVA.

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Torpedo Maculopathy Presenting With Fovea Plana in a 21-Year-Old Female

Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases ◽

10.1177/2474126417710378 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (6) ◽

pp. 424-427 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Douglas S. M. Iaboni ◽

Mark E. Seamone ◽

Netan Choudhry ◽

R. Rishi Gupta

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Fluorescein Angiography ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Fundus Autofluorescence ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Spectral Domain ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

En Face Oct ◽

En Face ◽

Torpedo Maculopathy

Purpose: To report a case of torpedo maculopathy presenting with fovea plana in a 21-year-old female patient. Methods: Multimodal imaging including fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to characterize pathology. Results: A well-circumscribed ellipsoidal hypopigmented lesion was observed inferotemporal to the fovea OS. Fluorescein angiography and fundus autofluorescence revealed hyperfluorescence and focal hypoautofluorescence, respectively, corresponding to the hypopigmented lesion. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging of the lesion revealed attenuation of the ellipsoid zone and retinal pigment epithelium with a hyporeflective subretinal cleft. En face OCT imaging demonstrated an area of subretinal hyporeflectivity at the subretinal cleft. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography revealed the absence of a foveal pit. Conclusion: We have described a novel case presentation of fovea plana alongside torpedo maculopathy. The significance of this association remains unclear. Further study into these conditions is necessary to help better determine factors responsible for visual symptoms or lack thereof and circumstances that promote their development.

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Low-Reflectivity Drusen With Overlying RPE Damage Revealed by Spectral-Domain OCT: Hint for the Development of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2021.706502 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Shasha Yang ◽

Zongyin Gao ◽

Haijiang Qiu ◽

Chengguo Zuo ◽

Lan Mi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Macular Degeneration ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽

Spectral Domain ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Age Related ◽

Sd Oct

Purpose: To observe the relationship between the characteristic changes in the drusen morphology revealed by the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Methods: A total of 380 drusen in 45 eyes in 35 patients with the intermediate drusen were longitudinally followed up every 6 months by SD-OCT for a period of 24 months. The drusen were divided into the dynamic group and stable group according to the following parameters: number, volume, concurrent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/ellipsoid zone (EZ) damage, and the development of advanced AMD. The morphological characteristics of the progressive or stable drusen were further analyzed. Odds ratios (ORs) and the risk for the drusen progression were calculated.Results: The level of interobserver and intraobserver agreement for each drusen tomographic morphological parameters ranged from 82.7 to 90%. At the end of an average follow-up of 15.92 ± 6.99 months, six patients developed choroidal neovascularization and no patients developed geographic atrophy. Finally, 139 drusen changed and 241 drusen remained stable. The drusen with low reflectivity (p < 0.001; OR: 5.26; 95% CI: 2.24–12.36), non-homogeneity without a core (p < 0.001; OR: 4.31; 95% CI: 2.08–8.92), RPE damage (p < 0.001; OR: 28.12; 95% CI: 9.43–83.85), and the EZ damage (p < 0.001; OR: 14.01; 95% CI: 5.28–37.18) were significantly associated with active change; the drusen with low reflectivity (p = 0.01; OR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.29–6.75) and decreased overlying RPE reflectivity (p < 0.001; OR: 21.67; 95% CI: 9.20–51.02) were the independent predictors for progression. The drusen with high reflectivity were significantly associated with stabilization (p = 0.03; OR: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.04–0.84).Conclusion: Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography is an optimized, accurate, and efficient method to follow-up the drusen. The intermediate non-exudative AMD prognosis of the patient was most strongly correlated with the drusen reflectivity and disruption of the overlying RPE layer. The drusen with low reflectivity and overlying RPE damage were more likely to progress and required frequent follow-up.

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Correlation in acute CSCR between hyperreflectivity on the infrared image in optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography

European Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1177/1120672120957600 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 112067212095760

Author(s):

Alper Bilgic ◽

Francesc March de Ribot ◽

Pooja Ghia ◽

Anand Sudhalkar ◽

Laurent Kodjikian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Fluorescein Angiography ◽

Infrared Image ◽

Subretinal Fluid ◽

Reference Image ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

En Face ◽

The Mean ◽

Sd Oct

Background: To determine the association between hyperreflective area identified on the reference image (en-face image) in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scan and the leak on fluorescein angiography in patients with acute treatment naive central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Methods: Retrospective, observational chart review. The reference image (en-face) image on SD OCT raster scan was examined for the presence of a hyperreflective spot and an attempt was made to correlate its location on the actual leak seen on FFA using anatomical landmarks as reference. Follow up was 6 months after CSCR resolution. Appropriate statistical analysis was made. Results: Sixty-two patients (65 eyes; 49 males) with CSCR were identified of which 62/65 eyes (95.38%) showed the said correlation. The mean age was 31.24 years. The mean follow-up was 17.25 months. The mean BCVA at baseline was 0.28 logMAR. The mean final BCVA was 0.08. The hyperreflective spot noted on the infrared (reference) image correlated the most with the classic ink-blot leakage as well as the minimally enhancing/ill-defined leakage pattern. In 37/41 eyes, the area of hyperreflectivitiy correlated with the pigment epithelial detachment. The hyperreflective spot resolved in most patients who received photodynamic therapy but persisted in most patients who received eplerenone therapy. Persistent hyperreflectivity after subretinal fluid resolution appeared to correlate with persistent metamorphopsia and reduced contrast sensitivity in eyes with no subretinal fluid. Conclusion: We demonstrate an interesting correlation between the area of leak and the OCT reference image (en face) used to determine the level of the scan. Synopsis The study looks at the potential applicability of a correlation between leaking areas on fundus fluorescein angiography and a hyperreflective area on the infrared image in optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).

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The Application of Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Macular Diseases

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2020/9503795 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Jing Wang ◽

Lian-Rong Yin

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Spectral Domain ◽

Enhanced Depth Imaging ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Depth Imaging ◽

Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽

Macular Diseases ◽

Sd Oct

The choroid plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of various posterior segment diseases. However, traditional imaging methods still have limited cross-sectional observation of choroid. Enhanced depth imaging in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI SD-OCT) uses a closer scanning position to the eye to create an inverted SD-OCT image with the advantage of better depth sensitivity, which can observe choroidal structure and measure choroidal thickness (CT) accurately. At present, more and more choroidal thickness measurements have been made in normal and pathologic states, in order to understand the pathogenesis and differential diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases, especially for macular lesions. This paper would review relevant original literatures published from January 1, 2008, to February 1, 2020, to evaluate the relationship between the changes of CT with EDI SD-OCT and macular diseases.

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Long-term Follow-up of Outer Retinal Tubulation Documented by Eye-Tracked and En Face Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

Archives of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.1902 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 130 (12) ◽

pp. 1618 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jesse J. Jung ◽

K. Bailey Freund

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Spectral Domain ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

En Face ◽

Long Term Follow Up ◽

Outer Retinal Tubulation

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A Level Set Method with Region-Scalable Fitting Energy for Retinal Layer Segmentation in Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Images

Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics ◽

10.1166/jmihi.2020.2905 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 326-335

Author(s):

Liming Liang ◽

Xiaoqi Sheng ◽

Bowen Liu ◽

Zhimin Lan

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Level Set ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Spectral Domain ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Retinal Layers ◽

Layer Segmentation ◽

Sd Oct

Retinal layer segmentation of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images plays an important role during diagnosis and analysis of ophthalmic diseases. In this paper, a novel variational level set framework with region-scalable fitting energy is proposed for automated retinal layer segmentation in SD-OCT. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that level set based method succeeds in ten retinal layers segmentation. The proposed framework consists of three steps. First, an anisotropic nonlinear diffusion filter is applied for speckle noise reduction and ROI contrast enhancement. Second, Canny edge detectors are used to extract initial layers: nerve fiber layer, connecting cilia and retinal pigment epithelium. Finally, the rest retinal layers are segmented by means of level set model combined with prior knowledge of retinal thickness and morphology, for which the energy function consists of region-scalable fitting energy data term, area constraint term, regularization term and length penalty term. The proposed method was tested on 50 retinal SD-OCT B-scans from 50 normal subjects. The overall unsigned border position error is 5.92 ± 4.72 μm. The result showed that data terms with border weight terms can keep layer segmentation results in strong border while retaining its fitting capability in weak border. The proposed method achieves better segmentation result than other active contour models.

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