scholarly journals Appearances Are Deceiving: Observing the World as It Looks and How It Really Is—Theory of Mind Performances Investigated in 3-, 4-, and 5-Year-Old Children

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Bigozzi ◽  
Alessandra Di Cosimo ◽  
Giulia Vettori
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Developmental Trend ◽  
Comprehension Task ◽  
The World ◽  
Is Theory ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Better Than

Appearance-reality (AR) distinction understanding in preschoolers is worth of further consideration. This also goes for its relationship with false-belief (FB) understanding. This study helped fill these gaps by assessing 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children’s performances on an appearance-reality distinction task and by investigating relationships with unexpected location, deceptive content, and deception comprehension task performances. 91 preschoolers participated in this study divided into 3 groups: (1) 37 children, M-age 3.4 years; (2) 23 children, M-age 4.5 years; (3) 31 children, M-age 5.4 years. A developmental trend was found where appearance-reality distinction understanding was significantly influenced by age. If wrong answers were particularly high by 3-year-old children, they greatly decreased by 4- and 5-year-old children. 3-year-old children also tended to fail in FB tasks; instead 4- and 5-year-old children performed AR tasks better than FB tasks. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.

scholarly journals Developmental and cognitive aspects of children’s disbelief comprehension through intonation and facial gesture

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 596-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan Armstrong ◽  
Núria Esteve Gibert ◽  
Iris Hübscher ◽  
Alfonso Igualada ◽  
Pilar Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Belief State ◽  
False Belief ◽  
False Belief Task ◽  
Comprehension Task ◽  
Unimodal Cues

This article investigates how children leverage intonational and gestural cues to an individual’s belief state through unimodal (intonation-only or facial gesture-only) and multimodal (intonation + facial gesture) cues. A total of 187 preschoolers (ages 3–5) participated in a disbelief comprehension task and were assessed for Theory of Mind (ToM) ability using a false belief task. Significant predictors included age, condition and success on the ToM task. Performance improved with age, and was significantly better for the multimodal condition compared to both unimodal conditions, suggesting that even though unimodal cues were useful to children, the presence of reinforcing information for the multimodal condition was more effective for detecting disbelief. However, results also point to the development of intonational and gestural comprehension in tandem. Children that passed the ToM task significantly outperformed those that failed it for all conditions, showing that children who can attribute a false belief to another individual may more readily access these intonational and gestural cues.

scholarly journals Theory of Mind and evidentiality in Romani-Bulgarian bilingual children

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hristo Kyuchukov ◽  
Jill De Villiers
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
The World ◽  
Bilingual Group ◽  
False Belief Reasoning ◽  
Contradictory Evidence ◽  
Belief Reasoning

Theory of Mind and evidentiality in Romani-Bulgarian bilingual children The paper reports two studies of the development of false belief reasoning in bilingual Roma children in Bulgaria. No previous work has considered Roma children. Two studies were conducted, and in the second study the Roma children spoke a dialect of Romani that contains evidential markers, as does Bulgarian, their second language. Results reveal no advantage of bilingualism, and similar results with age to that found in other groups across the world. The bilingual group had better understanding of evidentials than the monolingual Bulgarian group, possibly related to the linguistic character of the markings. There is contradictory evidence about the relation of ToM and understanding of evidentiality.

Understanding minds and evidence for belief: A study of Mofu children in Cameroon

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope G. Vinden
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
True Belief ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Better Than

This study explores young children’s understanding of mind and their ability to give evidence for belief. Mofu children of Cameroon were chosen as participants as they provide a unique opportunity to compare the development of an understanding of minds and evidence in schooled and nonschooled populations. A series of standard theory-of-mind tasks were given to 154 children, as well as a novel evidence task. Results suggest that children who have attended school develop an understanding of minds earlier than nonattenders. School attenders did not show superior understanding of evidence for false belief. They did perform better than the nonschooled sample, however, on a question concerning evidence for a subsequent true belief, although performance on this question for both groups was poor.

A study on the performance evaluation of major international airports in the world

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
K‐J. Tseng ◽  
Jow‐Fei Ho ◽  
Yuan‐Jing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Bilateral Model ◽  
Better Than

PurposeThis paper aims to assess the performance evaluation of major international airports in the world.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the authors utilized data envelopment analysis in an input‐oriented method to discuss the overall operational performance of 20 major international airports between 2001 and 2005. They used cross efficiency measure to determine the international airports that enjoy the best operational performances and used the bilateral model to compare the performance differences between international airports of different regions.FindingsThe Atlanta Airport (ATL) in the USA and the Beijing Airport (PEK) in China experienced MPSS. The overall performance of international airports in Asia is better than those in Americas, Europe, and Oceania.Research limitations/implicationsService quality can be discuss in the field in the future.Practical implicationsIn sensitivity analysis, four inputs had positive impacts on overall performances.Originality/valueThe ATL in the USA and the PEK in China were the best practices for the other international airports.

False belief understanding: Children catch it from classmates of different ages

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifang Wang ◽  
Yanjie Su
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Location Task ◽  
False Belief Understanding ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Better Than

Two experiments were conducted to compare the false belief understanding of children who have no siblings, but have classmates of different ages in kindergarten. In Experiment 1, 4- and 5-year-olds completed two unexpected location tasks. We found that 4-year-olds with classmates of different ages performed significantly better than those with classmates of the same age. This result was replicated in a larger sample in Experiment 2 in which the children were asked to complete an unexpected location task and an unexpected content task. The findings suggested that the presence of minds with varied ages stimulates the social cognitive understanding of young children, particularly for 4-year-olds. The findings of the present study give a particularly clear view of the effect of classmates of different ages on young children's theory of mind development, extending findings in other research on the advantage of having siblings.

scholarly journals Theory of Mind Training in Children with Autism: Relating the Shared Attention Mechanism to the Theory of Mind Mechanism vs. Understanding Beliefs Training

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Lama Bergstrand Othman ◽  
Lana Collet-Klingenberg
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Attention Mechanism ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Shared Attention ◽  
The World ◽  
Students With Autism ◽  
Mind Training

The purpose of this training study was to examine two interventions that aim to improve the performance of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) on False Belief Tasks (FBT) which examines the ability to recognize others’ mental representation of the world. The first intervention involved drawing connections between the Shared Attention Mechanism (SAM) and the Theory of Mind (ToMM) Mechanism. The second intervention taught belief understanding and the fact that a person’s beliefs about propositions may be false or true. To that end, we employed ABC and ACB multiple baselines across subject designs with matched controls. To assess generalization of learned skills, parents or teachers were interviewed. Results suggest that both interventions were effective.

The acquisition of a theory of action and the dissociation between action intention and outcome intention in children aged 2-6 years

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joël Bradmetz ◽  
Helène Amiotte-Suchet
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Theory Of Action ◽  
Central Idea ◽  
The World ◽  
Expected Outcome ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
Action Intention ◽  
Belief Item

The aim of an action is linked to a desire, the choice of the action is linked to the subject’s beliefs about the world. Much data on the acquisition of a theory-of-mind by children evidence a lag in the conceptualisation of desires and beliefs. The authors assume that there is also a lag between the awareness and the recall of an outcome intention and of an action intention. Their central idea is the following: When an action fails, the outcome intention is frustrated and the associated action intention is deleted by a new action intention more in agreement with the expected outcome. This hypothesis was confirmed in a ” rst experiment when action intention and outcome intention verbalisations were clearly differentiated. A second experiment showed that the difficulties were not associated with an inadequate analysis of temporal markers. The hypothesis of a conceptual lag between binary and ternary structures, via the activation of more sophisticated computing in the latter case (according to Fodor, 1992), was theoretically attractive, but it was not possible to support it empirically in a third experiment. A fourth experiment compared an action intention item with a false belief item. A ”fth and a sixth experiment, both using a nonverbal design, confirmed the previous data. The six experiments were conducted with 310 children aged from 2;6 to 6;6 years.

Triggers of Thought: Impressions within Hume’s Theory of Mind

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-121
Author(s):  
Anik Waldow
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Associative Processes ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
The World ◽  
Theories Of Meaning ◽  
Conceptual Resources

This essay argues that Humean impressions are triggers of associative processes, which enable us to form stable patterns of thought that co-vary with our experiences of the world. It will thus challenge the importance of the Copy Principle by claiming that it is the regularity with which certain kinds of sensory inputs motivate certain sets of complex ideas that matters for the discrimination of ideas. This reading is conducive to Hume’s account of perception, because it avoids the impoverishment of conceptual resources so typical for empiricist theories of meaning and explains why ideas should be based on impressions, although impressions cannot be known to mirror matters of fact. Dieser Aufsatz argumentiert dafür, dass humesche Eindrücke („impressions“) Auslöser von assoziativen Prozessen sind, welche es uns ermöglichen, stabile Denkmuster zu bilden, die mit unseren Erfahrungen der Welt kovariant sind. Der Aufsatz stellt somit die Wichtigkeit des Kopien-Prinzips in Frage, nämlich dadurch, dass behauptet wird, für die Unterscheidung der Ideen sei die Regelmäßigkeit maßgeblich, mit der gewisse Arten von sensorischen Eingaben gewisse Mengen von komplexen Ideen motivieren. Diese Lesart trägt zu einem Verständnis von Humes Auffassung der Wahrnehmung bei, da sie die Verarmung der begrifflichen Mittel, die für empiristische Theorien der Bedeutung so typisch ist, vermeidet und erklärt, warum Ideen auf Eindrücken basieren sollten, obwohl Eindrücke nicht als Abbildungen von Tatsachen erkannt werden können.

How Phillips saw the light

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 29-31
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Reading Time ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Business World ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Freak Show ◽  
The World ◽  
Pertinent Information ◽  
The One ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Reviews the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoints practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings The problem with developing a reputation of being something of an oracle in the business world is that all of a sudden, everyone expects you to pull off the trick of interpreting the future on a daily basis. Like a freak show circus act or one-hit wonder pop singer, people expect you to perform when they see you, and they expect you to perform the thing that made you famous, even if it is the one thing in the world you don’t want to do. And when you fail to deliver on these heightened expectations, you are dismissed as a one trick pony, however good that trick is in the first place. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

Are atheist worlds really the best?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
KIRK LOUGHEED
Keyword(s):  
The World ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Anti-theism is the view that God's existence would (or does) detract from the value of the world. A distinctive argument for anti-theism says that the very best atheist worlds are better than the best theist worlds. The reason for this is that it's possible to gain most or all of the benefits associated with theism in Godless worlds. For instance, worlds with a lesser god or several lesser gods can provide many of the benefits of theism without the associated disadvantages. While some work has been done to show that the advantages of theism can be had in atheist worlds, very little has been said regarding whether the disadvantages can simultaneously be avoided in such worlds. I aim to show that it is difficult to describe a possible atheist world where the benefits of theism obtain but the harms do not. I thus problematize this particular argument for anti-theism.

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