scholarly journals Assessment of the Local Exposure Level during Adult Chest X-Rays at the Ngaoundere Regional Hospital, Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Guiswe Gnowe ◽  
Henri Paul Ekobena Fouda ◽  
Mbo Amvene Jéremie ◽  
Takmou Pascal ◽  
Bonaventure Babinne Graobe
Keyword(s):  
Adult Patients ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Entrance Skin Dose ◽  
Chest Examination ◽  
Local Exposure ◽  
Skin Doses

Background. The purpose of this study was to estimate the doses delivered to adult patients during chest examination for comparison with those elsewhere and to establish a local diagnostic reference level for the chest. The doses delivered in the standard X-ray examinations are not sufficiently optimized and controlled. The working protocols for the same exam given differ for similar morphotypes within the same hospital structure. Materials and Methods. The entrance skin dose (mGy) of the chest was evaluated on 105 adult patients with a mass of 70 ± 10 kg in accordance with the 75th percentile of the irradiation parameters. The analysis and processing of the data was carried out by Excel 2010. The entrance skin dose of the chest obtained in mGy was 0.18 ± 0.21 for the PA incidence. Conclusion. The present study allowed us to observe large variations at the entrance skin doses of the chest. These variations have made it possible to understand that the entrance skin doses to the chest are optimized and do not exceed the proportions of those estimated by others and standards internationally. This aspect demonstrates that the diagnostic reference levels as enumerated are dependent on the doses delivered and include not only the notions of quality of the radiographic image and the quality assurance of the radiological equipments but also the level of the manipulators trained.

Chest X-rays of newborns in a medical facility: variation between the entrance skin dose measurements using the indirect and direct methods for clinical dose audit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akintayo Daniel Omojola ◽  
Michael Onoriode Akpochafor ◽  
Samuel Olaolu Adeneye ◽  
Isiaka Olusola Akala ◽  
Azuka Anthonio Agboje
Keyword(s):  
Direct Methods ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Medical Facility ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Clinical Dose ◽  
Entrance Skin Dose ◽  
Dose Measurements

scholarly journals Optimasi Faktor Eksposi pada Pemeriksaan Radiografi Thorax menggunakan Computed Radiography

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Sri Sugiarti ◽  
Surip Surip ◽  
Merrytiana Fadila
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
Computed Radiography ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Radiographic Examination ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Exposure Factor ◽  
Chest Examination ◽  
Correlational Method

Concerning radiation safety must meet several radiation protection requirements which include justification or utilization of nuclear power, dose limitation, optimization of protection, and radiation safety. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimization of the exposure factor selection and determine the radiation dose received by the patient based on the selection of exposure factors on the thorax examination. The author observed the use of exposure factors on chest radiographic examination with a sample of 60 people. The design of this study uses the correlational method. The independent variables in this study are age, body weight, object thickness, kV, and mAs. Dependent variable exposure to radiation dose on chest examination. The conclusion of this study is the dose exposure level is influenced by age, object thickness, weight, and use of exposure factors which will then be obtained by the DRL (Diagnostic Reference Level) value.

scholarly journals Exposure Levels of Adult Patients during Radiographic Examinations: Sinuses and Coastal Grill Cases at the Ngaoundere Regional Hospital, Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Guiswe Gnowe ◽  
Fouda H. P. Ekobena ◽  
Amvene J. Mbo ◽  
Guena M. Neossi
Keyword(s):  
Regional Hospital ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Radiographic Image ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Skin Doses ◽  
Dosimetric Analysis ◽  
Very High

Background. The purpose of this study was to estimate the doses delivered to adult patients during explorations of the sinuses and coastal grill whose attention in dosimetric terms is neglected because of the low demand for diagnosis. But yet dosimetric values are very high.Materials and Methods. The present study was transversely descriptive and was conducted between April and July 2016. The data were collected on 50 adult patients of mass of 70±10kg at the Regional Hospital of Ngaoundere (HRN). The dose at the entrance of the patients' skin was evaluated through the theoretical methods derived from the Davies model according to the 75th percentile calculations.Results and Discussion. The entrance skin doses obtained in mGy were, respectively, of 7.2±0.2 for sinuses and 5.27±0.1 for coastal grill. The present study found many variations in doses during radiological investigations. These variations allowed us to understand that the notions of quality of the radiographic image, insurance, and quality control of the radiological equipment are tributary, abstract, and often theoretical because doses delivered are not sufficiently optimized.Conclusion. The dosimetric analysis remains very worrying because the various procedures show that an improvement of the practices especially with respect to the technical parameters and the protocols must be considered. Therefore a strengthening of radiological protection skills of radiological manipulators (continuing education and retraining) would contribute to a better protection of patients.

Time course and local distribution of skin exposure of hand and fingers from [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-NOC synthesis using a self-shielded module

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (04) ◽  
pp. 308-315
Author(s):  
Oliver Stephan Grosser ◽  
Heiko Wissel ◽  
Maurice Klopfleisch ◽  
Dennis Kupitz ◽  
Nadine Paetzold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Distribution ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Skin Exposure ◽  
Local Exposure

Abstract Aim The study examined the local dose distribution as well as the time course of skin exposure of hand and fingers from [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-NOC synthesis using a self-shielded synthesis module. Methods A compact calibrated electronic dosimeter (ED) with a miniaturized probe was used for real-time measurements of skin dose equivalent Hp (0.07) (reference point: left and right index finger). A time resolved assessment of exposure during radiotracer production was performed. Additionally, thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD) were used to determine local dose distribution for five different positions (e. g. fingertips). Cumulated Hp (0.07) estimated by ED was analysed and correlated with the measurements obtained by a TLD positioned close to the ED. Results The cumulative skin exposure from the production process measured by ED, was 74.7 ± 32.7 µSv/GBq and 40.1 ± 14.3 µSv/GBq for the right and left hand, respectively. The exposure recorded by the ED was in the average 19.4 % ± 40.0 % (median = 21.3 %) lower compared to the results from TLD. Highest exposure was recorded during synthesis (guided hand: 24.5 ± 12.2 µSv/GBq) and measuring of product yield including preparation of probes for quality control (guided hand: 36.1 ± 12.7 µSv/GBq). The highest local exposure was measured by a TLD close to the tip of the index finger of the guiding hand (range: 773–1257 µS/GBq). Conclusion The chosen methodology using ED, proved to be a good concept for identifying procedure steps with an increased exposure level and to determine the time course of skin exposure and to identify procedure steps for further optimization of handling. Furthermore, miniaturized electronic dosimeters may be used for online surveillance of local exposure rates at hands and fingers.

REDUCING ABSORBED DOSE TO THYROID IN NECK CT EXAMINATIONS: THE EFFECTS OF SABA SHIELDING

2020 ◽  
Vol 191 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-360
Author(s):  
Valiallah Saba ◽  
Jalal Kargar Shuraki ◽  
Abdollah Valizadeh ◽  
Mohsen Zahedinia ◽  
Maziar Barkhordari
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
American Association ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Radiation Attenuation ◽  
Patient Study ◽  
Entrance Skin Dose ◽  
Radiosensitive Organs ◽  
Attenuation Values

Abstract Bi shielding has been used for the protection of radiosensitive organs during computed tomography (CT) for 20 years. In 2017, American Association of Physicists in Medicine recommended against Bi shielding due to its degrading effects on image quality. Saba shielding introduced recently protecting organs as Bi shielding without degrading image quality. In this study, the Saba shield was modified and primary radiation attenuation values of the shields and entrance skin dose (ESD) on the thyroid were measured with and without shielding. Furthermore, the quality of images obtained using Saba shielding was investigated quantitatively and qualitatively. Saba and Bi shielding reduced the ESD on the thyroid by about 50%. Saba shielding had about 5–7 HU less noise and about 51–65 HU less CT numbers shift in comparison with Bi shielding at a distance of 1 cm from the shields. Saba shielding had no degrading effects on image quality in the patient study.

scholarly journals Investigation of Exposure Factors for Various Breast Composition and Thicknesses in Digital Screening Mammography Related to Breast Dose

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Alkhalifah ◽  
Ajit Brindhaban
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Nonparametric Tests ◽  
Screening Mammography ◽  
Amorphous Selenium ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Reference Systems ◽  
Mean Glandular Dose ◽  
Entrance Skin Dose ◽  
Mammography Image

Objective: To investigate the effect of exposure factors used in digital screening mammography on image quality of different breast compositions. Material and Methods: A digital mammography unit, with tungsten (W) as target, rhodium (Rh) and silver (Ag) as filters, and amorphous selenium detectors, was used to image Computerized Imaging Reference Systems (CIRS) Model 12A phantoms of thickness 4, 5, and 6 cm. Images of each phantom were obtained using target-filter combinations of W/Rh and W/Ag, at 28, 30, and 32 kVp. Images were evaluated by 5 senior technologists with experience in mammography. Image scores were assigned, for each type of feature present in the phantom. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric tests to compare sets of image scores at p = 0.05. Results: A small but statistically significant improvement was detected in the visibility of microcalcifications (8.8 ± 0.2; p = 0.031) for the W/Rh combination but this did not show any differences in the visibility of masses or fibers. The entrance skin dose (ESD) and mean glandular dose (MGD) were lower for the W/Ag (ESD = 1.30–3.70; MGD = 0.44–0.93 mGy) combination compared to W/Rh (ESD = 1.66–5.40; MGD = 0.52–1.12 mGy). The Mann-Whitney test revealed that 30-kV exposure with the W/Rh combination showed a significantly better visibility of specks in the 30/70 phantom compared to other exposures. Conclusion: The use of an Rh filter showed a better image quality for all phantoms. 28 and 30 kVp with the W/Rh combination provided a slightly better image quality, and the MGD is less than 1.2 mGy.

Determination of Entrance Surface Dose of Digital Radiography for Adults at Public Medical Imaging Centers, Erbil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilham Khalid Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Surface Dose ◽  
Entrance Surface Dose ◽  
Entrance Skin Dose ◽  
Total Filtration ◽  
Ionizing Radiations

Introduction: Diagnostic X-ray is one of the ionizing radiations, the level of radiation dose received by the patient during medical examination is essential to prevent cancer risks. The aim of this study is to calculate entrance surface dose (ESD) and effective dose (ED) were estimated during chest, and lumber spine for adult patients in three hospitals in Erbil, using NOMEX MULTIMETER and PCXMC software.    Material and Methods: The study was conducted in three public hospitals, in Erbil on (250) adult patients, whose ages between (18-70) years, based on the results study, ESD and ED were calculated for chest (PA, lateral), and lumbar spine (AP, lateral) examinations. NOMEX MULTIMETER (PTW, Freiburg), used in measurement of tube voltage, dose, dose rate, time product current, and total filtration automatically during examination. ED was calculated by using PCXMC software (version 2.5). Results: The results of this work are compared with published international literatures. The mean entrance skin dose for examinations of chest (PA, Lat), and lumber spine (AP, Lat) 1.02, 1.06, 2.61 and 3.92 mGy respectively. ED value was from 0.08, 0.19, 0.32, and 0.33 mSv, for chest (PA, Lat), and lumber spine (AP, Lat), respectively. Conclusion: The ESD, and ED were calculated in this work were found to be agreement with the published reference values for chest, and lumber spine set by international levels. ALARA principle should be considered by radiographer, to reduce absorbed dose of adults’ patient undergoing imaging radiography.

Radiation-Induced Complications in Endovascular Neurosurgery

Neurosurgery ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 566-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Peterson ◽  
Kalpana M. Kanal ◽  
Renee L. Dickinson ◽  
Brent K. Stewart ◽  
Louis J. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Interventional Neuroradiology ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Radiation Physics ◽  
Cns Tumor ◽  
Entrance Skin Dose ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Skin Doses ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

Abstract BACKGROUND: The incidence of radiation-induced complications is increasingly part of the informed consent process for patients undergoing neuroendovascular procedures. Data guiding these discussions in the era of modern radiation-minimizing equipment is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the rates of skin and hair effects at a modern high-volume neurovascular center, and to assess the feasibility of accurately quantifying the risk of future central nervous system (CNS) tumor formation. METHODS: We reviewed a prospectively collected database of endovascular procedures performed at our institution in 2008. The entrance skin dose and brain dose were calculated. Patients receiving skin doses >2 Gy were contacted to inquire about skin and hair changes. We reviewed several recent publications from leading radiation physics bodies to evaluate the feasibility of accurately predicting future cancer risk from neurointerventional procedures. RESULTS: Seven hundred two procedures were included in the study. Of the patients receiving >2 Gy, 39.6% reported subacute skin or hair changes following their procedure, of which 30% were permanent. Increasing skin dose was significantly associated with permanent hair loss. We found substantial methodological difficulties in attempting to model the risk of future CNS tumor formation given the gaps in our current understanding of the brain's susceptibility to low-dose ionizing radiation. CONCLUSION: Radiation exposures exceeding 2 Gy are common in interventional neuroradiology despite modern radiation-minimizing technology. The incidence of side effects approaches 40%, although the majority is self-limiting. Gaps in current models of brain tumor formation after exposure to radiation preclude accurately quantifying the risk of future CNS tumor formation.

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