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Molecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 558
Author(s):  
Mario Komar ◽  
Tatjana Gazivoda Kraljević ◽  
Igor Jerković ◽  
Maja Molnar

In this study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used as green and eco-friendly media for the synthesis of substituted 2-mercaptoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones from different anthranilic acids and aliphatic or aromatic isothiocyanates. A model reaction on anthranilic acid and phenyl isothiocyanate was performed in 20 choline chloride-based DESs at 80 °C to find the best solvent. Based on the product yield, choline chloride:urea (1:2) DES was found to be the most effective, while DESs acted both as solvents and catalysts. Desired compounds were prepared with moderate to good yields using stirring, microwave-assisted, and ultrasound-assisted synthesis. Significantly, higher yields were obtained with mixing and ultrasonication (16–76%), while microwave-induced synthesis showed lower effectiveness (13–49%). The specific contribution of this research is the use of DESs in combination with the above-mentioned green techniques for the synthesis of a wide range of derivatives. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.


Author(s):  
Andrea Reverberi ◽  
Marco Vocciante ◽  
Marco Salerno ◽  
Omar Soda ◽  
Bruno Fabiano

The current trend in nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis consists in addressing a multiobjective optimization, whose targets are maximization of product yield together with minimization of energy waste and risk factors related...


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
Yasser Aswad Thamrin ◽  
Herminawati Abubakar ◽  
Hasanuddin Remmang

Era keterbukaan dalam memasuki pasar global menjadi tantangan pengusaha dalam memacu dan memberikan pelayanan dalam menyalurkan hasil produknya sampai ketangan konsumen yang menjadi target sasaran pasar. Suatu produk, baru dapat dikonsumsi setelah melalui proses kegiatan produksi dan pemasaran. Dengan demikian produksi membentuk terciptanya konsumen, sedangkan pemasaran membentuk terciptanya harga (price), karena itu kegiatan pemasaran berfungsi sebagai penghubung antara produksi dan konsumsi. Sebesar apapun produksi yang dihasilkan tanpa adanya kegiatan pemasaran maka produk tersebut tidak mempunyai nilai apa-apa. Jamur tiram putih dikenal sebagai jamur yang mudah dibudidayakan didaerah tropik dan subtropik. Kebutuhan dan keinginan manusia semakin lama semakin bertambah besar, baik produk makanan, buku, bahkan perumahan. Hal tersebut merupakan suatu indikator bahwa tingkat pendapatan masyarakat semakin tinggi. Jamur tiram  dikenal sebagai jamur yang mudah dibudidayakan didaerah tropik dan subtropik. Jamur tiram ini juga termasuk dalam kelompok jamur yang sering dikonsumsi karena memiliki nilai gizi yang tinggi. Jamur tiram menjadi komuditas yang cukup potensial untuk dipasarkan, hal ini terjadi karena permintaan jamur ini sangat tinggi namun produksinya masih rendah. Jamur tiram dibudidayakan pada media yang mengandung unsur C dalam bentuk karbohidrat dalam jumlah yang tinggi. Media harus mengandung unsur N dalam bentuk Amonium atau Nitrat, N-organik atau N-atmosfer. Unsur N ini akan diubah oleh jamur menjadi protein.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bauran pemasaran dari jamur tiram (hasil produl, harga, dan promosi) yang dapat mempengaruji jumlah penjualan.Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah uji asumsi klasik dan uji hopotesis.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa hasil produk, harga dan promosi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap volume penjualan pada media yang mengandung unsur C dalam bentuk karbohidrat dalam jumlah yang tinggi. Media harus mengandung unsur N dalam bentuk Amonium atau Nitrat, N-organik atau N-atmosfer. Unsur N ini akan diubah oleh jamur menjadi protein.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bauran pemasaran dari jamur tiram (hasil produl, harga, dan promosi) yang dapat mempengaruji jumlah penjualan.Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah uji asumsi klasik dan uji hopotesis.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa hasil produk, harga dan promosi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap volume penjualan. The era of openness in entering the global market is a challenge for entrepreneurs in spurring and providing services in distributing their products into the hands of consumers who are the target market. A product can only be consumed after going through the process of production and marketing activities. Thus production forms the creation of consumers, while marketing forms the creation of prices (price), therefore marketing activities function as a liaison between production and consumption. No matter how big the production is without any marketing activities, the product has no value. White oyster mushrooms are known as mushrooms that are easily cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. Human needs and wants are getting bigger and bigger, both food products, books, and even housing. This is an indicator that the level of community income is getting higher. Oyster mushrooms are known as mushrooms that are easily cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. Oyster mushrooms are also included in the group of mushrooms that are often consumed because they have high nutritional value. Oyster mushroom is a potential commodity to be marketed, this happens because the demand for this mushroom is very high but its production is still low. Oyster mushrooms are cultivated on media containing high amounts of C in the form of carbohydrates. The media must contain N elements in the form of Ammonium or Nitrate, N-organic or N-atmosphere. These N elements will be converted by the fungus into protein. This study aims to analyze the marketing mix of oyster mushrooms (product yield, price, and promotion) which can affect the amount of sales. The analytical tools used are classical assumption test and hypothesis test. The results of the analysis show that the results of the product, price and promotion have a positive and significant effect on sales volume on media containing element C in the form of carbohydrates in high amounts. The media must contain N elements in the form of Ammonium or Nitrate, N-organic or N-atmosphere. These N elements will be converted by the fungus into protein. This study aims to analyze the marketing mix of oyster mushrooms (product yield, price, and promotion) which can affect the amount of sales. The analytical tools used are classical assumption test and hypothesis test. The results of the analysis show that the results of the product, price and promotion have a positive and significant effect on sales volume


Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Jia Wang ◽  
Yuxin Wang ◽  
Yijian Wu ◽  
Yuwei Fan ◽  
Changliang Zhu ◽  
...  

Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) has been widely utilized as a tool for developing new biological and phenotypic functions to explore strain improvement for microalgal production. Specifically, ALE has been utilized to evolve strains to better adapt to defined conditions. It has become a new solution to improve the performance of strains in microalgae biotechnology. This review mainly summarizes the key results from recent microalgal ALE studies in industrial production. ALE designed for improving cell growth rate, product yield, environmental tolerance and wastewater treatment is discussed to exploit microalgae in various applications. Further development of ALE is proposed, to provide theoretical support for producing the high value-added products from microalgal production.


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Higuchi ◽  
Kazunori Matsumura ◽  
Takafumi Arai ◽  
Motoki Ito ◽  
Shigeo Sugiyama

Propellanes are polycyclic compounds in which tricyclic systems share one carbon–carbon single bond. Propellane frameworks that consist of larger sized rings are found in a variety of natural products. As an approach to the stereoselective synthesis of the propellane framework, one of the efficient methods is forming several rings in a single operation. Lapidilectine B (1) is composed of a propellane framework and was synthesized through the oxidative cyclization of trisubstituted alkenes. When the alkene with an ester moiety was treated with N-iodosuccinimide (NIS), iodocyclization proceeded to give the cyclic carbamate. On the other hand, when PhI(OAc)2 was allowed to react in the carboxyl form, a furoindolin-2-one structure corresponding to the A-B-C ring of lapidilectine B (1) was produced. Furthermore, when Pd(OAc)2 catalyst was used for cyclization under oxidative conditions, the product yield was improved.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-295
Author(s):  
Denis A. Pakholik ◽  
Oleg Yu. Kochnov ◽  
Valery V. Kolesov ◽  
Vladimir V. Fomichev

There are various ways to obtain Mo-99. Some of them are widely used in industrial production, others are in the research stage with the aim of increasing the product yield. The main industrial method for obtaining Mo-99 using a nuclear reactor is the fragmentation method. This method provides for the presence of a uranium target and a nuclear reactor. The target is placed in the channel of the reactor core and irradiated with neutrons for the required time. After that, the target is removed from the channel to the “hot” chamber for the chemical separation of Mo-99. This is how Mo-99 is obtained practically all over the world. The paper considers the fragmentation method for producing Mo-99, which is implemented on the basis of the engineering and technological complex of the VVR-c research nuclear reactor. In order to increase the yield of Mo-99, a modernized model of the “tube-in-tube” target is proposed. The assessment of the production of Mo-99 and the cooling efficiency of the modernized target was carried out. The calculations were performed using the VisualBurnOut and Ansys CFX software packages. Computational studies have shown an increase in the energy release and the amount of the produced Mo-99 isotope in the target of the modernized design. In the most stressed zones, the target wall temperature exceeds the water saturation temperature. Surface boiling occurs in these zones. As a result, turbulization and mixing of the near-wall boundary water layer increases. This improves heat dissipation.


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3071
Author(s):  
Jase J. Ball ◽  
Ross P. Wyatt ◽  
Madison M. Coursen ◽  
Barry D. Lambert ◽  
Jason T. Sawyer

The consumer acceptance of alternative plant-focused ingredients within the meat industry is growing globally. Oat protein is insoluble and used to increase product yield and fat retention. Furthermore, inclusion of oat protein can provide manufacturers another option for extending beef supplies. As the consumer diet shifts for improvements in nutritional density, oat protein is an alternative ingredient that lacks information on inclusion in a ground beef formulation. Coarse ground beef was allocated to one of four treatments, mixed with oat protein (0%, 1.5%, 3.5% and 4.5%), water, salt, pepper, textured vegetable protein, soy protein concentrate, and sodium tripolyphosphate. Meat blocks (n = 3 batches) were finely ground and formed into patties (N = 65/treatment). Patties were placed onto an expanded polystyrene tray, overwrapped with polyvinyl chloride film and displayed for 7 days. Instrumental color (L*, a*, and b*) decreased throughout simulated display (p = 0.0001). Increased usage rates of oat protein in patties resulted in greater cook yields (p = 0.0001). Objective measures of Allo-Kramer shear force values increased as oat protein inclusion rates increased (p = 0.0001). Oat protein can be incorporated in ground beef patties with positive effects on cook yield, but inclusion rate may have a deleterious impact on color and instrumental tenderness.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Trivellin ◽  
Lisbeth Olsson ◽  
Peter Rugbjerg

Stable cell performance in a fluctuating environment is essential for sustainable bioproduction and synthetic cell functionality; however, microbial robustness is rarely quantified. Here, we describe a high-throughput strategy for quantifying robustness of multiple cellular functions and strains in a perturbation space. We evaluated quantifications theory on experimental data and concluded that the mean-normalized Fano factor allowed accurate, reliable, and standardized quantification. Our methodology applied to perturbations related to lignocellulosic bioethanol production showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ethanol Red exhibited both higher and more robust growth rates than CEN.PK and PE-2, while a more robust product yield traded off for lower mean levels. The methodology validated that robustness is function-specific and characterized by positive and negative function-specific trade-offs. Systematic quantification of robustness to end-use perturbations will be important to analyze and construct robust strains with more predictable functions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Barbanera ◽  
Alessandro Cardarelli ◽  
Eleonora Carota ◽  
Marco Castellini ◽  
Tommaso Giannoni ◽  
...  

AbstractThis work aims at finding an alternative strategy to manage the waste generated by the winemaking industry to obtain a solid biofuel and phenolic compounds. The effect of temperature (180–260 °C), residence time (1–7 h), and biomass-to-liquid ratio (0.05–0.25) on the co-hydrothermal carbonization of vine pruning and exhausted grape pomace, by using vinasse as moisture source, is studied. The effect of the variables is investigated and optimized using the Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology to maximize mass yield, fuel ratio, energy densification yield and phenols extraction yield and to minimize energy consumption. The statistical analysis shows that the carbonization temperature is a crucial parameter of the process, decreasing the product yield on one hand and improving the quality of hydrochar on the other. At the optimal conditions (246.3 °C, 1.6 h, 0.066), an hydrochar yield of 52.64% and a calorific value of 24.1 MJ/kg were obtained. Moreover, the analysis of the H/C and O/C ratios of hydrochars demonstrates that carbonisation significantly improves the fuel properties of solid biofuel. Liquid by-products obtained from the HTC process are found to contain high concentrations of organic matter but the BOD/COD ratios suggest their potential valorization by biological methods.


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