Optimasi Penggunaan Faktor Eksposi Pemeriksaan Ossa Manus dengan Kualitas Citra Objektif dan Subjektif

<p>In producing a good radiographic image, an optimization method is needed. This study was conducted to seek optimization of the radiographic examination of the manus ossa with objective and subjective image quality analysis. The research method is quantitative experimental, using a variety of exposure factors: 40kV 4 mAs, 40kV 10 mAs, 46 kV 5 mAs, 53 kV 2,5 mAs, 61kV 1,25 mAs. Then an objective quality analysis is carried out by measuring the pixels value, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), and the Exposure Index (EI) value as an indicator of exposure. For subjective image analysis with the assessment of image anatomy criteria using the method Visual Grading Analysis (VGA), then the test was carried out Wilcoxon to determine the relationship of respondents to VGA assessment. The results of the study obtained that the optimization method of the examination manus ossa at the exposure factor of 46 kV 5 mAs with the results of an objective image quality analysis of the range of pixel value 183,7 - 3, the SNR range of 12,2-1,77 while the subjective image quality analysis of the results VGA all images on a variety of exposure factors can be used in establishing a diagnosis. For the exposure indicator with the lowest EI at an exposure factor of 46 kV 5 mAs. The results of the Wilcoxon p-value&gt;0,05 so that there was no difference in the VGA value by 2 radiographers, therefore all image results on variations in exposure factors could be used in the radiographic examination of the ossa manus.<em></em></p>

ESTIMASI DOSIS RADIASI PERMUKAAN KULIT PADA PEMERIKSAAN RADIOLOGI DENGAN APLIKASI AHD RAD BERBASIS WEB

ABSTRAKDosis radiasi Sinar-X pada pemeriksaan radiologi dihitung berdasarkan dosis permukaan kulit yang diterima pasien. Hal tersebut dilakukan sebagai evaluasi terhadap pemberian dosis radiasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sistem aplikasi berbasis web dalam menghitung estimasi dosis radiasi permukaan kulit pasien yang diberi nama AHD Rad. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan desain rancangan pengembangan, dan pengambilan data berupa nilai faktor eksposi. Dilakukan uji komparasi dosis radiasi antara AHD Rad dan software CALDose_X versi 5.0. Perhitungan dosis radiasi pada AHD Rad menggunakan pendekatan matematis dan fisika merujuk kepada Technical Report Series International Atomic Energy Agency (TRS IAEA) 457 tahun 2007. Data nilai faktor eksposi dengan parameter tegangan tabung (kV), arus tabung (mAs) dan jarak tabung ke film (FFD) yang sama, di masukkan melalui aplikasi CALDose_X versi 5.0 dan AHD Rad. Jumlah data sebanyak 50 dengan pengambilan data secara random sampling pada pemeriksaan radiografi umum. Pengolahan data menggunaan SPSS 11. Uji komparasi dilakukan dengan margin error 5 % dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95 %. Hasil menunjukkan nilai tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada uji komparasi yang dilakukan pada aplikasi AHD Rad dengan CALDose_X versi 5.0. Sehingga aplikasi AHD Rad dapat dipergunakan dalam estimasi dosis radiasi pasien. .Kata kunci: Dosimetri; Dosis Radiasi Permukaan Kulit; AHD Rad ABSTRACTX-ray radiation dose in a radiological examination is calculated based on the skin surface dose received by the patient. This is done as an evaluation of the radiation dose. This study aims to develop a web-based application system for calculating the estimated dose of radiation to the patient's skin surface, which is named AHD Rad. The research method was carried out with a development design and data collection in exposure factor values. A comparative test of radiation dose was conducted between AHD Rad and CALDose_X software version 5.0. Calculation of radiation dose on AHD Rad using mathematical and physical approaches refers to the Technical Report Series International Atomic Energy Agency (TRS IAEA) 457 in 2007. Exposure factor value data with tube voltage parameters (kV), tube current (mAs), and tube distance to film (FFD), entered through the CALDose_X application version 5.0 and AHD Rad. The number of data is 50 by taking data by random sampling on general radiographic examination. Data processing using SPSS 11. The comparison test was carried out with a margin of error of 5% with a 95% confidence level. The results show no significant difference in the comparison test carried out on the AHD Rad application with CALDose_X version 5.0 so that the AHD Rad application can be used to estimate the patient's radiation dose. Keywords: Dosimetry; Skin Surface Radiation Dose; AHD Rad.

Patient dose monitoring using exposure index against body mass index level on chest X-ray examination

The image quality factor is not merely a matter of whether the image is repeated or not, but also has a wide range of information and also has to maintain the protection method for the patient is the reception of the dose due to radiographic action. So it is necessary to monitor the patient's dose using the EI value. The factors that determine the EI value are the exposure factor and the thickness of the object or BMI (Body Mass Index). Exposure factors (kV and mAs) are factors that have been commonly used as patient dose monitoring, where the tube voltage is a component that changes more often with a relatively constant tube current. The study used data on patients with Thoracic examination at the age of 20-65 years which were then categorized into BMI. The analysis was carried out on the EI value contained in the radiographic image. The results showed that BMI in the normal, Light Grade Fat (LGF), Heavy Grade Fat (HGF) categories, respectively, the EI values were 1562, 1679, and 1955 for the female sex, and 1266, 1600, and 1821 for the male gender. Significantly (P?0.05) the EI value showed difference between female and male sexes.

A Scoping Review of the Application of Metabolomics in Nutrition Research: The Literature Survey 2000–2019

Nutrimetabolomics is an emerging field in nutrition research, and it is expected to play a significant role in deciphering the interaction between diet and health. Through the development of omics technology over the last two decades, the definition of food and nutrition has changed from sources of energy and major/micro-nutrients to an essential exposure factor that determines health risks. Furthermore, this new approach has enabled nutrition research to identify dietary biomarkers and to deepen the understanding of metabolic dynamics and the impacts on health risks. However, so far, candidate markers identified by metabolomics have not been clinically applied and more efforts should be made to validate those. To help nutrition researchers better understand the potential of its application, this scoping review outlined the historical transition, recent focuses, and future prospects of the new realm, based on trends in the number of human research articles from the early stage of 2000 to the present of 2019 by searching the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE). Among them, objective dietary assessment, metabolic profiling, and health risk prediction were positioned as three of the principal applications. The continued growth will enable nutrimetabolomics research to contribute to personalized nutrition in the future.

Livelihood vulnerability increases human–wildlife interactions

Summary Human–wildlife interactions (HWIs) occur in many rural African communities, with potential impacts on livelihood vulnerability. High livelihood vulnerability may force communities to employ strategies that increase the risk of negative HWIs, yet the extent to which HWIs drive or are driven by vulnerability is unclear. We hypothesized that more vulnerable households are more likely to be exposed to wildlife and experience negative interactions. To test this hypothesis, we calculated the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) of rural households in and around Quirimbas National Park (north-eastern Mozambique) and assessed whether there is a link between livelihood vulnerability and HWIs. We found a two-way association between LVI and HWIs, with more vulnerable households indeed taking greater risks and encountering wildlife when fetching water from rivers, whereas less vulnerable households tended not to employ strategies likely to increase wildlife encounters. We also observed that HWIs exert a strong effect on livelihood vulnerability, suggesting that HWIs should be included as an exposure factor in vulnerability assessments for rural households. We recommend that livelihood strategies and community vulnerability should be considered when designing HWI mitigation schemes and implementing conservation measures.

Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface

We present a simple model to calculate the evolution of an ice stupa (artificial ice reservoir). The model is formulated for a cone geometry and driven by energy balance measurements over a glacier surface for a 5-year period. An “exposure factor” is introduced to deal with the fact that an ice stupa has a very rough surface and is more exposed to wind than a flat glacier surface. The exposure factor enhances the turbulent fluxes. For characteristic alpine conditions at 2100 m, an ice stupa may reach a volume of 200 to 400 m3 in early April. We show sensitivities of ice stupa size to temperature changes and exposure factor. The model may also serve as an educational tool, with which the effects of snow cover, switching off water during daytime, different starting dates, switching off water during high wind speeds, etc. can easily be evaluated.

Brief communication: Growth and decay of an Ice Stupa in alpine conditions: a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface

We present a simple tool to calculate the evolution of an ice stupa (artificial ice reservoir). The model is formulated for a cone geometry and driven by energy balance measurements over a glacier surface for a 5-year period. An “exposure factor” is introduced to deal with the fact that an ice stupa has a very rough surface and is more exposed to wind than a flat glacier surface. The exposure factor enhances the turbulent fluxes.For characteristic alpine conditions at 2100 m, a stupa may reach a height of typically 6 to 10 m in early spring and obtain a volume of 100 to 250 m3 . We also discuss a case where the stupa grows on an inner structure.We show sensitivites of stupa height to temperature changes and exposure factor. Effects of snow cover, switching off water during daytime, different starting dates, etc. can easily be evaluated.

Mining the Selective Remodeling of DNA Methylation in Promoter Regions to Identify Robust Gene-Level Associations With Phenotype

Epigenetics is an essential biological frontier linking genetics to the environment, where DNA methylation is one of the most studied epigenetic events. In recent years, through the epigenome-wide association study (EWAS), researchers have identified thousands of phenotype-related methylation sites. However, the overlaps of identified phenotype-related DNA methylation sites between various studies are often quite small, and it might be due to the fact that methylation remodeling has a certain degree of randomness within the genome. Thus, the identification of robust gene-phenotype associations is crucial to interpreting pathogenesis. How to integrate the methylation values of different sites on the same gene and to mine the DNA methylation at the gene level remains a challenge. A recent study found that the DNA methylation difference of the gene body and promoter region has a strong correlation with gene expression. In this study, we proposed a Statistical difference of DNA Methylation between Promoter and Other Body Region (SIMPO) algorithm to extract DNA methylation values at the gene level. First, by choosing to smoke as an environmental exposure factor, our method led to significant improvements in gene overlaps (from 5 to 17%) between different datasets. In addition, the biological significance of phenotype-related genes identified by SIMPO algorithm is comparable to that of the traditional probe-based methods. Then, we selected two disease contents (e.g., insulin resistance and Parkinson’s disease) to show that the biological efficiency of disease-related gene identification increased from 15.43 to 44.44% (p-value = 1.20e–28). In summary, our results declare that mining the selective remodeling of DNA methylation in promoter regions can identify robust gene-level associations with phenotype, and the characteristic remodeling of a given gene’s promoter region can reflect the essence of disease.

Association between the physical work environment and work functioning impairment while working from home under the COVID-19 pandemic in Japanese workers

Objective: This study examined the relationship between the physical work environment and work functioning impairment while working from home in the context of rapid changes associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study of internet monitors was conducted between December 22 and 26, 2020. Of a total of 33,302 participants, 5,760 who worked from home at least 1 day a month, excluding those who met the exclusion criteria, were included in the analysis. A binary subjective assessment of the physical work environment while working from home was used as an exposure factor. We examined 9 items related to the physical work environment, including level of illuminance and use of suitable desks and chairs, traditionally recommended for health and safety management when working at a desk. The number of non-conformities to 7 items was also used as an exposure factor. The presence of severe work functioning impairment was measured using the Work Functioning impairment Scale (WFun), a self-reported outcome measure of the degree of work functioning impairment. Odds ratios of severe work functioning impairment were estimated using mixed-effects logistic regression analysis with the prefecture of residence as a random effect. Results: Multivariate analysis showed that the odds ratio of severe work functioning impairment was significantly higher among those who indicated "No" to all recommended items except for "I work at a desk/chair for office use." The highest odds ratio of work functioning impairment was associated with a "No" response to "There is enough light to do my work" (aOR: 2.02, 95%CI: 1.73-2.35, p<0.01). Our results also suggest the presence of a dose-response relationship between the number of non-conformities to recommendations for work environments while working from home and work functioning impairment. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that it is important for both companies and individual workers to create a work environment that prevents negative health outcomes and improves productivity while working from home.