When Is an Interview an Inter View? The Historical and Recent Development of Methodologies Used to Investigate Children’s Astronomy Knowledge

This paper provides a historical review of the interview research that has been used by science educators to investigate children’s basic astronomy knowledge. A wide range of strategies have been developed over the last 120 years or so as successive teams of researchers have endeavoured to overcome the methodological difficulties that have arisen. Hence, it looks critically at the techniques that have been developed to tackle the problems associated with interviews, questionnaires and tests used to research cognitive development and knowledge acquisition. We examine those methodologies which seem to yield surer indications of how young people (at different ages) understand everyday astronomical phenomena—the field often referred to as children’s cosmologies. Theoretical ideas from cognitive psychology, educational instruction and neuroscience are examined in depth and utilised to critique matters such as the importance of subject mastery and pedagogical content knowledge on the part of interviewers; the merits of multi-media techniques; the roles of open-ended vs. structured methods of interviewing; and the need always to recognise the dynamism of memory in interviewees. With illustrations and protocol excerpts drawn from recent studies, the paper points to what researchers might usefully tackle in the years ahead and the pitfalls to be avoided.

Inquiries on Cultural Markers in Translation

In descriptive translation studies, the identification of cultural markers brings with it certain theoretical and methodological difficulties: the very conceptualization of the cultural marker; its subcategories, both linguistic and extra-linguistic; the appropriate procedures to carry out its identification. The present essay seeks to map the extent of these difficulties and make a number of proposals, yet to be tested in descriptive practice.

ACCOUNTING OF DEFERRED TAX ASSETS AND LIABILITIES: HISTORICAL EXCURSION AND MODERN REALITIES

The article considers the essence of deferred tax assets and liabilities and their reflection in the system of accounts and registers in the historical context. The periodization of the process of formation and development of the problem of deferred taxes in Ukraine with the use of normative and historical methods of cognition is carried out. The differences between permanent and temporary differences in tax profit (loss) and accounting profit (loss) are described. The approach to accounting for deferred taxes and their place in the reporting of enterprises using an algorithmic process is generalized. A detailed description of the current position of accounting for deferred taxes through the viewpoint of Ukrainian accounting standard 17 "Income Tax". Conclusions are made on the possibility of further research on the elimination of methodological difficulties in the allocation of certain tax differences to temporary or permanent.

On the Application of Foresight in Education for Sustainable Development

Education is the most important mechanism for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). One of the methodological difficulties in the implementation of education for sustainable development (ESD) is associated with its proactive, predictive nature. In this regard, when designing ESD, it seems appropriate to use technologies of futurology, particularly, the technology of foresight. The article considers the main features of foresight and examples of its application in Russian education. The results of the foresight session on the design of ESD as an innovative pedagogical system and the development of a “roadmap” for the implementation of ESD in the Russian Federation for the period until 2030 are presented. 14 experts took part in this work (21 % are with D. Sc. degree, 50 % are with Ph. D. degree; average teaching experience is 17,4 years, including 12,6 years in the field of ESD). During the STEEPV analysis, we identified the main social, technological, economic, environmental, political, and value-based factors that will affect both the education system in general and ESD in particular. The SWOT analysis allowed us to determine the characteristic features of ESD, regarding its strengths and weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. In the brainstorming mode, the main elements of the ESD roadmap for the next 10 years (trends, technologies, formats / social practices, and “jokers” / bifurcation points) were identified. In general, obtained results are consistent with the key directions of the development of Russian education to achieve the SDGs, and are also aimed at solving the main problems in the field of ESD. This research will be continued. Keywords: sustainable development, education for sustainable development, futurology, foresight, design

Gender, Identities, and Material Culture in the Italic Peninsula: Burial Practices and Loom Weights in Perspective

This paper discusses the complex relationship between material culture and gender studies from a methodological point of view, with the aim of contributing to discussions in the field of Classical archaeology. First, we provide a few historiographical benchmarks for key epistemological developments, while evidencing the methodological difficulties inherent in the variability of our interpretations of burial practices and data. Then, in a second section, a case study focuses on simple objects of daily life. Discussing approaches inspired by gender studies, and considering the place of loom weights, we wish to tackle the presumption of textile work as an eminently female activity. The aim of this paper is to suggest a more nuanced and fluid approach to gender in relation to material culture.

Assessment of the Russian regions’ social security dynamics

Introduction. For a more accurate assessment of dynamics and achievement of set goals in the social sphere, research on methodological issues of social security and the development of indicators system for its assessment and monitoring are relevant. Theoretical analysis. The article examines theoretical aspects of the “social security” definition, identifies approaches to the definition of this concept and methodological difficulties in interpreting the assessment of the regional systems’ socio-economic security. Empirical analysis. To analyze the dynamics of the Russian regions’ social security level, an integral index was compiled on the basis of statistical indicators and a social security rating of 82 Russian regions was built. It includes 16 indicators in 5 groups, characterizing the main sphere of social security. Results. The revealed polarization of the Social Security Index values indicates the uneven social development of Russian regions, which is a significant threat to the economic security of the national economy as a whole and economic development in particular. Conclusions. The analysis made it possible to assess the level of Russian regions’ social security, to compile a rating and grouping of Russian regions according to the level of social security.

Toward a praxeological account of performing surgery

Surgical operations are fundamentally comprised of multisensorial and multimodal activities. As surgical work involves professional and technical skills that entail a multitude of sensorial information, various methodological difficulties and technical constraints emerge for analysts. Subjective sensations and feedback received during the participants' constructed actions may not be available to outsiders, and the privilege of studying surgical operations is not always guaranteed for the fieldworker. However, as practical surgical tasks are constructed from the routine progression of mundane activities, technical and methodological difficulties can be overcome, confirming the perspicuous nature of surgical operations for social scientists as outsiders. In this report, the researchers describe their fieldwork experiences in two different types of operating rooms—gastroenterology surgical operations in a Japanese context and endovascular aortic repairs in a Swedish context—with a specific focus on how they controlled the technical challenges. This demonstrates the value of surgical operations as a site for scientific investigation independent of expert knowledge about surgery.

Exploring the Pathogenic Role of Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and its Management

Every organism is constantly adapting to changes happening in the environment. This adaptation helps in maintaining homeostasis. All organisms must adapt at molecular, cellular, physiological, and behavioral levels. Amongst many factors which act as a threat to homeostasis, one of them is stress. The organism has to bring about both physiological and behavioral changes. The various researches in recent years have shown that adverse life events, along with chronic stress, and depression leads to increased likelihood of relapse in patients with quiescent IBD. Many studies of experimental stress in animal models of colitis support this. Till date, the therapeutic successes of stress reduction therapies have not been explored largely. This is also due to methodological difficulties in going ahead with such studies. This paper tries to explore the recent researches in enhancing our understanding of the pathogenic role played by psychological stress in inflammatory bowel disease and focuses our attention on the need for controlled studies on the curative prospective of stress reduction therapies for IBD.

ChickTrack - A Quantitative Tracking Tool for Measuring Chicken Activity

<p>The automatic detection, counting and tracking of individual and flocked chickens in the poultry industry is of paramount to enhance farming productivity and animal welfare. Due to methodological difficulties, such as the complex background of images, varying lighting conditions, and occlusions from e.g., feeding stations, water nipple stations and barriers in the chicken rearing production floor, it is a challenging task to automatically recognize and track birds using computer software. Here, a deep learning model based on You Only Look Once (Yolov5) is proposed for detecting domesticated chickens from videos with varying complex backgrounds. A multiscale feature is being adapted to the Yolov5 network for mapping modules in the counting and tracking of the trajectories of the chickens. The Yolov5 network was trained and tested on our dataset which resulted in an enhanced tracking precision accuracy. Using Kalman Filter, the proposed model was able to track multiple chickens simultaneously with the focus to associate individual chickens across the frames of the video for real time and online applications. By being able to detect the chickens amid diverse background interference and counting them precisely along with tracking the movement and measuring their travelled path and direction, the proposed model provides excellent performance for on-farm applications. Artificial intelligence enabled automatic measurements of chicken behavior on-farm using cameras offers continuous monitoring of the chicken's ability to perch, walk, interact with other birds and the farm environment, as well as the assessment of dustbathing, thigmotaxis, and foraging frequency, which are important indicators for their ability to express natural behaviors. This study highlights the potential of automated monitoring of poultry through the usage of ChickTrack model as a digital tool in enabling science-based animal husbandry practices and thereby promote positive welfare for chickens in animal farming. </p>

ChickTrack - A Quantitative Tracking Tool for Measuring Chicken Activity

<p>The automatic detection, counting and tracking of individual and flocked chickens in the poultry industry is of paramount to enhance farming productivity and animal welfare. Due to methodological difficulties, such as the complex background of images, varying lighting conditions, and occlusions from e.g., feeding stations, water nipple stations and barriers in the chicken rearing production floor, it is a challenging task to automatically recognize and track birds using computer software. Here, a deep learning model based on You Only Look Once (Yolov5) is proposed for detecting domesticated chickens from videos with varying complex backgrounds. A multiscale feature is being adapted to the Yolov5 network for mapping modules in the counting and tracking of the trajectories of the chickens. The Yolov5 network was trained and tested on our dataset which resulted in an enhanced tracking precision accuracy. Using Kalman Filter, the proposed model was able to track multiple chickens simultaneously with the focus to associate individual chickens across the frames of the video for real time and online applications. By being able to detect the chickens amid diverse background interference and counting them precisely along with tracking the movement and measuring their travelled path and direction, the proposed model provides excellent performance for on-farm applications. Artificial intelligence enabled automatic measurements of chicken behavior on-farm using cameras offers continuous monitoring of the chicken's ability to perch, walk, interact with other birds and the farm environment, as well as the assessment of dustbathing, thigmotaxis, and foraging frequency, which are important indicators for their ability to express natural behaviors. This study highlights the potential of automated monitoring of poultry through the usage of ChickTrack model as a digital tool in enabling science-based animal husbandry practices and thereby promote positive welfare for chickens in animal farming. </p>