Determination of Entrance Surface Dose of Digital Radiography for Adults at Public Medical Imaging Centers, Erbil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilham Khalid Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Surface Dose ◽  
Entrance Surface Dose ◽  
Entrance Skin Dose ◽  
Total Filtration ◽  
Ionizing Radiations

Introduction: Diagnostic X-ray is one of the ionizing radiations, the level of radiation dose received by the patient during medical examination is essential to prevent cancer risks. The aim of this study is to calculate entrance surface dose (ESD) and effective dose (ED) were estimated during chest, and lumber spine for adult patients in three hospitals in Erbil, using NOMEX MULTIMETER and PCXMC software.    Material and Methods: The study was conducted in three public hospitals, in Erbil on (250) adult patients, whose ages between (18-70) years, based on the results study, ESD and ED were calculated for chest (PA, lateral), and lumbar spine (AP, lateral) examinations. NOMEX MULTIMETER (PTW, Freiburg), used in measurement of tube voltage, dose, dose rate, time product current, and total filtration automatically during examination. ED was calculated by using PCXMC software (version 2.5). Results: The results of this work are compared with published international literatures. The mean entrance skin dose for examinations of chest (PA, Lat), and lumber spine (AP, Lat) 1.02, 1.06, 2.61 and 3.92 mGy respectively. ED value was from 0.08, 0.19, 0.32, and 0.33 mSv, for chest (PA, Lat), and lumber spine (AP, Lat), respectively. Conclusion: The ESD, and ED were calculated in this work were found to be agreement with the published reference values for chest, and lumber spine set by international levels. ALARA principle should be considered by radiographer, to reduce absorbed dose of adults’ patient undergoing imaging radiography.

Measurement of Entrance Skin Dose in Radiographic Examinations of Pediatric Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousif Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Surface Dose ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Entrance Surface Dose ◽  
Entrance Skin Dose ◽  
The Mean

Background: To measure the entrance skin dose in radiographic examinations of pediatric patients in King Khalid Hospital, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia Introduction: Children have been given special attention since they are often regarded as especially vulnerable to potential hazards. The pediatric population is more susceptible to radiation than the adult population for certain tumor types. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the amount of Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) received by pediatric patients attending the emergency department. Method: Traumatic department registers for pediatric patients attending the King Khalid hospital (Majmaah, Saudi Arabia) between 1st February and 31st December 2018 were retrospectively studied for all diagnostic (plain radiographs examinations) imaging did on pediatric (<18 years old) trauma patients. The entrance surface dose was used to calculate the total radiation dose for each patient. One hundred and twenty patients encountered the inclusion criteria of the study, and their doses (chest, skull, and extremities) were assessed. Results: The mean of radiation exposure factors were 65.4 ± 7.9 (71.3 – 89.9) and 1.3 ± 0.2 (0.3–2.5) for X-ray tube potential (kVp) and current (mAs), respectively. The measured dose for pediatric patients were 0.10 ± 0.02 (0.09 – 0.37), 0.18 + 0.04 (0.06 -0.59) and 0.09 + 0.03 (0.03 -0.45) for chest, skull, and extremities, respectively. The mean Entrance surface dose received by trauma patients was 0.03-0.59 mGy. 51.7% (62 patients) of the patients received ≤ 0.25 mGy while around 48.3% (58 patients) received ≥ 0.26 mGy radiation dose from those examinations. Conclusion: Trauma patients attending to traumatic radiology department obtain substantial Entrance surface dose from chest, skull, and extremities imaging procedures within their initial assessment. The radiation exposure can also be lowered by optimizing each examination. Therefore more studies are recommended for this task. The results obtained can be used as the basis for local reference dosages for X-ray examinations.

REDUCING ABSORBED DOSE TO THYROID IN NECK CT EXAMINATIONS: THE EFFECTS OF SABA SHIELDING

2020 ◽  
Vol 191 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-360
Author(s):  
Valiallah Saba ◽  
Jalal Kargar Shuraki ◽  
Abdollah Valizadeh ◽  
Mohsen Zahedinia ◽  
Maziar Barkhordari
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
American Association ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Radiation Attenuation ◽  
Patient Study ◽  
Entrance Skin Dose ◽  
Radiosensitive Organs ◽  
Attenuation Values

Abstract Bi shielding has been used for the protection of radiosensitive organs during computed tomography (CT) for 20 years. In 2017, American Association of Physicists in Medicine recommended against Bi shielding due to its degrading effects on image quality. Saba shielding introduced recently protecting organs as Bi shielding without degrading image quality. In this study, the Saba shield was modified and primary radiation attenuation values of the shields and entrance skin dose (ESD) on the thyroid were measured with and without shielding. Furthermore, the quality of images obtained using Saba shielding was investigated quantitatively and qualitatively. Saba and Bi shielding reduced the ESD on the thyroid by about 50%. Saba shielding had about 5–7 HU less noise and about 51–65 HU less CT numbers shift in comparison with Bi shielding at a distance of 1 cm from the shields. Saba shielding had no degrading effects on image quality in the patient study.

scholarly journals Review of surface dose detectors in radiotherapy

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. O'Shea ◽  
P. McCavana
Keyword(s):  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Surface Dose ◽  
Radiographic Film ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Diamond Detector ◽  
Thermoluminescent Dosimeters ◽  
Absorbed Radiation Dose ◽  
Dose Measurements

Several instruments have been used to measure absorbed radiation dose under non-electronic equilibrium conditions, such as in the build-up region or near the interface between two different media, including the surface. Many of these detectors are discussed in this paper. A common method of measuring the absorbed dose distribution and electron contamination in the build-up region of high-energy beams for radiation therapy is by means of parallel-plate ionisation chambers. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), diodes and radiographic film have also been used to obtain surface dose measurements. The diamond detector was used recently by the author in an investigation on the effects of beam-modifying devices on skin dose and it is also described in this report.

DETERMINATION OF DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVEL IN ROUTINE EXAMINATIONS OF DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY IN MAZANDARAN PROVINCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Zeinab Hoseini Motlagh ◽  
Ali Shabestani Monfared ◽  
Mohammad Reza Deevband ◽  
Razzagh Abedi-Firouzjah ◽  
Naser Ghaemian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Digital Radiography ◽  
Thoracic Spine ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Mazandaran Province ◽  
Diagnostic Reference Level ◽  
Entrance Skin Dose

Abstract Introduction The main purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic reference level (DRL) for routine digital radiography examinations in Mazandaran province. Materials and methods Thirteen digital radiographic examinations at 18 high-patient-load radiography centres were investigated. The indirect dosimetry method was performed based on the IAEA report. Average entrance skin dose (ESD) and the third quartile of ESD as the DRL were evaluated from the measurement made by a semiconductor dosemeter. Results DRL for the examinations of digital radiography was obtained as: Skull (postero-anterior [PA]): 2.2, skull (lateral [LAT]): 2.4, cervical spine (antero-posterior [AP]): 1.6, cervical spine (LAT): 1.7, thoracic spine (AP): 3.6, thoracic spine (LAT): 9.9, lumbar spine (AP): 5.3, lumbar spine (LAT): 11.8, chest (PA): 1.4, chest (LAT): 2.1, abdomen (AP): 4.3, pelvis (AP): 3.2 and hip (AP): 2.1 mGy. Conclusion Although DRL was not higher compared with the international organisations’ levels, it can be reduced by adequate training of radiographers.

scholarly journals Fast Model for Evaluation of the Thyroid Dosimetry During Chest Tumor Radiotherapy

Dose-Response ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 155932581988915
Author(s):  
Yiling Wang ◽  
Min Zheng ◽  
Ling He ◽  
Jinhui Xu ◽  
Gang Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Dose Assessment ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Treatment Planning System ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter ◽  
Regressive Model ◽  
Significant Linear Correlation ◽  
Entrance Skin Dose ◽  
Radiotherapy Dose

Due to the reported high incidence of thyroid cancer induced by radiotherapy, dose assessment is significant to prevent thyroid late effects. Thyroid dosimetry can be evaluated either by entrance skin dose (ESD) measured with thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) arrays or by absorbed dose (AD) computed with treatment planning system. However, their correlation has hardly been reported in any publications. Moreover, the reported measurement procedures for thyroid ESD are usually inefficient. This study aims to provide a fast model for efficient acquisition of thyroid ESD and analyze the coherent relationship between ESD and AD. We conducted the study on the China radiation anthropomorphic phantom with intentionally delineated cancers, irradiated by a Varian 23EX linac. We have measured the ESD with TLD at 5 different points, while computed AD with the Oncentra Masterplan TPS. The ESD at the middle gorge of thyroid has exhibited significant linear correlation with those measured at other points. Furthermore, a regressive model has been proposed to predict thyroid AD from ESD. Consequently, it is recommended to only measure the ESD at the middle gorge of thyroid for an efficient dose assessment. The validity of the regressive model to predict thyroid AD from ESD has also been demonstrated.

scholarly journals Assessment of Patient Absorbed Radiation Dose during Hysterosalpingography: A Pilot Study in Southwest Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Achuka ◽  
M A Aweda ◽  
M R Usikalu ◽  
C A Aborisade
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Surface Dose ◽  
Entrance Surface Dose ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
Tertiary Healthcare

Background:Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an indispensable tool for diagnosing infertility in females. The procedure exposes female reproductive organs to ionizing radiation as the genitals are irradiated during the process. Investigating patient absorbed dose during the procedures is essential for effective radiological protection of the patient.Objective: This study aims to investigate the radiation dose received by patient during HSG examination in the study environment in order to enhance optimization of procedures and the associated dose, thereby minimizing radiation risks.Material and Methods: The study was conducted in four tertiary healthcare institutions in Southwest Nigeria. Thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD 100) was used to determine the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) of 80 patients presented for HSG investigation. The corresponding effective dose, ovary, uterus and urinary bladder doses were evaluated using PCXMC software.Results: The means entrance surface dose (ESD) obtained from the four centers were 18.58±6.31 mGy, 15.18±2.27 mGy, 17.44±3.43 mGy and 34.24±11.98 mGy for SW1, SW2, SW3 and SW4 centers, respectively. The corresponding mean of effective doses were 1.54±0.63 mSv, 1.24±0.28 mSv, 1.41±0.30 mSv and 2.53±0.94 mSv for SW1, SW2, SW3 and SW4 centers, respectively.  The resulting mean doses to the ovary, urinary bladder and uterus were also presented.Conclusion: The results obtained in general are comparable with international standards. It was, however, recommended that study centers with high doses should conduct dose audit in order to enhance patient safety.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Local Exposure Level during Adult Chest X-Rays at the Ngaoundere Regional Hospital, Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Guiswe Gnowe ◽  
Henri Paul Ekobena Fouda ◽  
Mbo Amvene Jéremie ◽  
Takmou Pascal ◽  
Bonaventure Babinne Graobe
Keyword(s):  
Adult Patients ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Entrance Skin Dose ◽  
Chest Examination ◽  
Local Exposure ◽  
Skin Doses

Background. The purpose of this study was to estimate the doses delivered to adult patients during chest examination for comparison with those elsewhere and to establish a local diagnostic reference level for the chest. The doses delivered in the standard X-ray examinations are not sufficiently optimized and controlled. The working protocols for the same exam given differ for similar morphotypes within the same hospital structure. Materials and Methods. The entrance skin dose (mGy) of the chest was evaluated on 105 adult patients with a mass of 70 ± 10 kg in accordance with the 75th percentile of the irradiation parameters. The analysis and processing of the data was carried out by Excel 2010. The entrance skin dose of the chest obtained in mGy was 0.18 ± 0.21 for the PA incidence. Conclusion. The present study allowed us to observe large variations at the entrance skin doses of the chest. These variations have made it possible to understand that the entrance skin doses to the chest are optimized and do not exceed the proportions of those estimated by others and standards internationally. This aspect demonstrates that the diagnostic reference levels as enumerated are dependent on the doses delivered and include not only the notions of quality of the radiographic image and the quality assurance of the radiological equipments but also the level of the manipulators trained.

Radiation exposure of interventional cardiologists for different types of procedures in catheterization lab, is it more concern about extremities?

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
A. Asgari ◽  
A.A. Parach ◽  
E. Daneshian ◽  
Z. Nekoofar ◽  
F. Bouzarjomehri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Skin Dose ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Left Wrist ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Left Chest ◽  
Entrance Skin Dose ◽  
Different Types ◽  
High Level

Introduction: Angiography and angioplasty expose cardiologists to a high level of X-ray comparing other radiographic methods, due to the high dose of radiation and the presence of the physician beside the patient bed during the procedure. Therefore, this study was designed to measure the absorbed dose in some important organs and extremities in cardiologists during different angiography and angioplasty procedures in catheterization lab. Methods: The entrance skin dose and extremity absorbed dose of the physicians in 100 angiography and angioplasty procedures were measured by TLD chips. The points on the physicians’ body, which were measured in this study, included: thyroid, right and left chest, right and left wrists, and left leg. The correlation of entrance skin dose in these six points to the exposure parameters is also evaluated. Results: The left leg has maximum dose and maximum correlation with total DAP for all three physicians in all procedure types. There was a weak correlation between left wrist absorbed dose and number of views among three physicians. Also, the maximum annual absorbed dose of the physicians in the left leg was lower than 150 mSv. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be stated that periodic leg and hand dosimetry during operation is necessary for interventional cardiologists. Results also showed that, regardless of the type of procedure, the characteristics of device output, especially DAP, have a direct role in the absorbed dose of the organs and extremities, especially those outside the shield.

Compartmental transfer of mercury released from amalgam

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Halbach ◽  
L. Kremers ◽  
H. Willruth ◽  
A. Mehl ◽  
G. Welzl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Total Mercury ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Urinary Excretion Rate ◽  
Amalgam Fillings

The number of amalgam-covered surfaces and the occlusal area of the fillings, the concentrations of total mercury in plasma, erythrocytes and urine, the urinary excretion rate, and the absorbed daily doses estimated by two separate methods from intra-oral Hg emission were determined in 29 volunteers with a low amalgam load. The transfer ofHg from the fillings via the oral cavity and blood to urinary excretion was evaluated by multiple correla tions between these variables. In addition, the combina tion of variables most representative of the entire compartmental transfer of amalgam Hg was determined. Urinary excretion (1), Hg concentration in plasma (2) and absorbed dose (3) were most closely correlated to each other, followed by correlations with the variables of the fillings (4). Correlation coefficients were 0.75 for variables 1 vs 2 and 2 vs 3, and 0.49 for variables 3 vs 4. It was concluded that variables 1-3 best reflected the transfer of mercury from amalgam fillings throughout the organism and that they were relatively insensitive to dietary mercury. The determination of total mercury in plasma and of its urinary excretion rate appears, under practical aspects, most suitable for the investigation of Hg uptake from amalgam.

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