scholarly journals Spectrum Allocation and Reuse in 5G New Radio on Licensed and Unlicensed Millimeter-Wave Bands in Indoor Environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Rony Kumer Saha
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Interference Management ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Spectrum Allocation ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
60 Ghz ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
New Radio

In this paper, by exploiting the frequency-domain, we propose a countrywide millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum allocation and reuse technique to allocate and reuse spatially the countrywide 28 GHz licensed spectrum and 60 GHz unlicensed spectrum to small cells (SCs) on each floor of a building of each Fifth-Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) Mobile Network Operator (MNO) of an arbitrary country. We develop an interference management scheme, model user statistics per SC, and interferer statistics per apartment and formulate the amount of the 28 GHz and 60 GHz spectra per MNO. We derive average capacity, spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency (EE), and cost efficiency (CE) when employing the proposed technique, as well as the traditional static licensed spectrum allocation technique. We discuss the implementation of the proposed technique and evaluate the performance under two scenarios, namely, SCs operate only in the 28 GHz in scenario 1, and both 28 GHz and 60 GHz in scenario 2. Extensive results and analyses are carried out for four MNOs, i.e., MNOs 1, 2, 3, and 4, in scenario 1. However, in scenario 2, in addition to MNOs 1, 2, 3, and 4, an incumbent Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) operator is considered. It is shown that the proposed technique with no co-channel interference can improve average capacity, SE, EE, and CE of MNO 1 by 3 times, 1.65 times, 75%, and 60%, respectively, in scenario 1, whereas 6.12 times, 5.104 times, 85.8%, and 83.15%, respectively, in scenario 2. Moreover, with an increase in reuse factors, SE increases linearly and EE increases negative exponentially. Further, we show that the proposed technique can satisfy SE and EE requirements for sixth-generation (6G) mobile systems. Finally, we discuss offered benefits and point out key issues of the proposed technique for further studies.

scholarly journals A Hybrid Interweave–Underlay Countrywide Millimeter-Wave Spectrum Access and Reuse Technique for CR Indoor Small Cells in 5G/6G Era

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3979
Author(s):  
Rony Kumer Saha
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Dynamic Spectrum Access ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Spatial Reuse ◽  
Spectrum Access ◽  
Sixth Generation

In this paper, we propose a hybrid interweave–underlay spectrum access and reuse technique for the dynamic spectrum access and reuse of the countrywide 28 GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum to in-building small cells of each mobile network operator (MNO) in a country. For the spectrum access, the proposed technique explores both interweave and underlay spectrum access techniques, whereas, for the spectrum reuse, it considers reusing the countrywide spectrum to each three-dimensional (3D) cluster of small cells in a building. To access the countrywide spectrum, each MNO is considered by paying a licensing fee following its number of subscribers. We present the 3D clustering of in-building of small cells and derive average capacity, spectral efficiency (SE), and energy efficiency (EE). We then perform extensive numerical and simulation results and analyses for an MNO of a country consisting of four MNOs. It is shown that, for no spectrum reuse to in-building small cells, the proposed technique improves average capacity and SE by 3.63 and 2.42 times, respectively, whereas EE improves by 72.79%. However, for vertical spatial reuse of six times (as an example) to small cells in a building, average capacity, SE, and EE improve further by 21.77 times, 14.51 times, and 95.66%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed technique can satisfy SE and EE requirements for sixth-generation (6G) mobile systems by horizontal spatial reuse of the countrywide spectrum to small cells of about 40.62%, 9.37%, and 6.25% less buildings than that required by the traditional static licensed spectrum access (SLSA) technique.

scholarly journals Countrywide Mobile Spectrum Sharing with Small Indoor Cells for Massive Spectral and Energy Efficiencies in 5G and Beyond Mobile Networks

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rony Kumer Saha
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Spectrum Sharing ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Interference Management ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
System Level ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Generic Model

In this paper, we propose a technique to share the licensed spectrums of all mobile network operators (MNOs) of a country with in-building small cells per MNO by exploiting the external wall penetration loss of a building and introducing the time-domain eICIC technique. The proposed technique considers allocating the dedicated spectrum Bop per MNO only its to outdoor macro UEs, whereas the total spectrum of all MNOs of the country Bco to its small cells indoor per building such that technically any small indoor cell of an MNO can have access to Bco instead of merely Bop assigned only to the MNO itself. We develop an interference management strategy as well as an algorithm for the proposed technique. System-level capacity, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency performance metrics are derived, and a generic model for energy efficiency is presented. An optimal amount of small indoor cell density in terms of the number of buildings L carrying these small cells per MNO to trade-off the spectral efficiency and the energy efficiency is derived. With the system-level numerical and simulation results, we define an optimal value of L for a dense deployment of small indoor cells of an MNO and show that the proposed spectrum sharing technique can achieve massive indoor capacity, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency for the MNO. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed spectrum sharing technique could meet both the spectral efficiency and the energy efficiency requirements for 5G mobile networks for numerous traffic arrival rates to small indoor cells per building of an MNO.

scholarly journals 3D Spatial Reuse of Multi-Millimeter-Wave Spectra by Ultra-Dense In-Building Small Cells for Spectral and Energy Efficiencies of Future 6G Mobile Networks

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rony Kumer Saha
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frequency Reuse ◽  
System Level ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Spatial Reuse ◽  
60 Ghz ◽  
Spectrum Utilization ◽  
Sixth Generation

The sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks are expected to operate at a higher frequency to achieve a wider bandwidth and to enhance the frequency reuse efficiency for improved spectrum utilization. In this regard, three-dimensional (3D) spatial reuse of millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectra by in-building small cells is considered an effective technique. In contrast to previous works exploiting microwave spectra, in this paper, we present a technique for the 3D spatial reuse of 28 and 60 GHz mmWave spectra by in-building small cells, each enabled with dual transceivers operating at 28 and 60 GHz bands, to enhance frequency reuse efficiency and achieve the expected spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) requirements for 6G mobile networks. In doing so, we first present an analytical model for the 28 GHz mmWave spectrum to characterize co-channel interference (CCI) and deduce a minimum distance between co-channel small cells at both intra- and inter-floor levels in a multistory building. Using minimum distances at both intra- and inter-floor levels, we find the optimal 3D cluster size for small cells and define the corresponding 3D spatial reuse factor, such that the entire 28 and 60 GHz spectra can be reused by each 3D cluster in each building. Considering a system architecture where outdoor macrocells and picocells operate in the 2 GHz microwave spectrum, we derive system-level average capacity, SE, and EE values, as well as develop an algorithm for the proposed technique. With extensive numerical and simulation results, we show the impacts of 3D spatial reuse of multi-mmWave spectra by small cells in each building and the number of buildings per macrocell on the average SE and EE performances. Finally, it is shown that the proposed technique can satisfy the expected average SE and EE requirements for 6G mobile networks.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient and Delay Aware 5G Multi-Tier Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1019
Author(s):  
Nahina Islam ◽  
Ammar Alazab ◽  
Johnson Agbinya
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Sleep Mode ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Markov Decision

Multi-tier heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) with dense deployment of small cells in 5G networks are expected to effectively meet the ever increasing data traffic demands and offer improved coverage in indoor environments. However, HetNets are raising major concerns to mobile network operators such as complex distributed control plane management, handover management issue, increases latency and increased energy expenditures. Sleep mode implementation in multi-tier 5G networks has proven to be a very good approach for reducing energy expenditures. In this paper, a Markov Decision Process (MDP)-based algorithm is proposed to switch between three different power consumption modes of a base station (BS) for improving the energy efficiency and reducing latency in 5G networks. The MDP-based approach intelligently switches between the states of the BS based on the offered traffic while maintaining a prescribed minimum channel rate per user. Simulation results show that the proposed MDP algorithm together with the three-state BSs results in a significant gain in terms of energy efficiency and latency.

scholarly journals Millimeter Wave Communication for 5G Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-198
Author(s):  
Parveen Singla ◽  
Shabnam Thakur ◽  
Rinkesh Mittal ◽  
Mohit Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Interference Management ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Propagation Loss ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
Available Bandwidth ◽  
Data Rates

The severe increase in the number of consumers in wireless technology has caused traffic processing problems, so the mobile data growth needs a super-productive mobile network. In upcoming 5G technology, that provides faster data rates, low latency; better service quality and greater capacity have emerged. Different frequencies are used to transmit and receive data via radio waves. Between conventional and millimeter wave communications, it is considered that there are essential differences in directivity, sensitivity to blocking and high propagation loss. On some issues, millimeter wave brings various challenges in communication, such as ant blocking, interference management, space reuse etc. The main focus of this paper is to present 5G’s characteristics wave communication and discussing the use of available bandwidth in millimeter wave spectrum carefully and the benefit to next generation mobile users.

scholarly journals On Exploiting Millimeter-Wave Spectrum Trading in Countrywide Mobile Network Operators for High Spectral and Energy Efficiencies in 5G/6G Era

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3495
Author(s):  
Rony Kumer Saha
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Spectrum Trading ◽  
Mobile Network Operators

In this paper, we propose a dynamic exclusive-use spectrum access (DESA) method to improve the overall licensed millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum utilization of all mobile network operators (MNOs) in a country. By exploiting secondary spectrum trading, the proposed DESA method shares partly and exclusively the licensed mmWave spectrum of one MNO to another in a dynamic and on-demand basis for a certain agreement term. We formulate the proposed DESA method for an arbitrary number of MNOs in a country. We then present an iterative algorithm to find the optimal amount of shared spectrum for each MNO, which is updated at each agreement term. We derive average capacity, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and cost efficiency performance metrics for all MNOs countrywide and present extensive numerical and simulation results and analyses for an example scenario of a country with four MNOs each assigned statically with an equal amount of 28-GHz mmWave spectrum. By applying DESA, we show that MNOs with a lack of minimum licensed spectra to serve their data traffic can lease at the cost of payment of the required additional spectra from other MNOs having unused or under-utilized licensed spectra. Moreover, it is shown that the overall countrywide average capacity, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and cost efficiency can be improved, respectively, by 25%, 25%, 17.5%, and 20%. Furthermore, we show that, by applying DESA to all MNOs countrywide, the expected spectral efficiency and energy efficiency requirements for sixth-generation (6G) mobile systems can be achieved by reusing the same mmWave spectrum to 20% fewer buildings of small cells. Finally, using the statistics of subscribers of all MNOs, we present a case study for fifth-generation (5G) networks to demonstrate the application of the proposed DESA method to an arbitrary country of four MNOs.

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