scholarly journals The Identification of Candidate Biomarkers and Pathways in Atherosclerosis by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Youwei Lu ◽  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Wei Hu ◽  
Qianhong Yang

Background. Atherosclerosis (AS) is a type of yellow substance containing cholesterol in the intima of large and middle arteries, which is mostly caused by fat metabolism disorders and neurovascular dysfunction. Materials and Methods. The GSE100927 data got analyzed to find out the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the limma package in R software. Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of the DEGs were assessed by the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) visualized the Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network of the aggregated DEGs. GSEA software was used to verify the biological process. Result. We screened 1574 DEGs from 69 groups of atherosclerotic carotid artery and 35 groups of control carotid artery, including 1033 upregulated DEGs and 541 downregulated DEGs. DEGs of AS were chiefly related to immune response, Epstein-Barr virus infection, vascular smooth muscle contraction, and cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Through PPI networks, we found that the hub genes of AS were PTAFR, VAMP8, RNF19A, VPRBP, RNF217, KLHL42, NEDD4, SH3RF1, UBE2N, PJA2, RNF115, ITCH, SKP1, FBXW4, and UBE2H. GSEA analysis showed that GSE100927 was concentrated in RIPK1-mediated regulated necrosis, FC epsilon receptor fceri signaling, Fceri-mediated NF KB activation, TBC rabgaps, TRAF6-mediated induction of TAK1 complex within TLR4 complex, and RAB regulation of trafficking. Conclusion. Our analysis reveals that immune response, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and so on were major signatures of AS. PTAFR, VAMP8, VPRBP, RNF217, KLHL42, and NEDD4 might facilitate the AS tumorigenesis, which could be new biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy of AS.

In article presented results of the study of basic levels of regulatory cytokines in patients with various forms of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Analysis of the dynamics of cytokine profile in patients with Epstein-Barr virus infection revealed the opposite changes studied synthesis of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which was the basis for the establishment of the four types of immune response. The findings confirm the existence of cytokine imbalance with Epstein-Barr virus infection. The established types of immune responses indicate inadequate cell humoral reactivity in a long persistence of Epstein-Barr virus infection, which manifests a tendency to suppression of cell-mediated and humoral immune response enhancement mechanisms and displayed in the clinical and biochemical manifestations of the disease, and also leads to prolonged undulating course. The results of studies confirm the existence of cytokine imbalance in various forms of EBV infection. The established types of immune response indicate inadequate cellular-humoral reactivity of the organism under the conditions of long-term EBV persistence. This is manifested by a tendency to suppress cell-mediated and increased humoral mechanisms of the immune response and is displayed in the clinical and biochemical manifestations of the disease and leads to a prolonged wave-like course of the disease. Interesting and promising are studies aimed at the medical correction of identified disorders in established types of immune response in patients with HEVE and studying the effects of the latter on the outcomes of the disease, the development of complications and activity of the process, which will be the subject of our further study.


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