The promise of personalized medicine is a therapeutic advance where tumor signatures obtained from different omics platforms, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, in addition to environmental factors including metals and metalloids, are used to guide the treatments. Clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common type of kidney cancer, can be sporadic (frequently) or genetic (rare), both characterized by loss of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene that controls hypoxia inducible factors. Recently, several genomic subtypes were identified with different prognoses. Transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and metallomic data converge on altered metabolism as the principal feature of the disease. However, in view of multiple biochemical alterations and high level of tumor heterogeneity, identification of clearly defined subtypes is necessary for further improvement of treatments. In the future, single-cell combined multi-omics approaches will be the next generation of analyses gaining deeper insights into ccRCC progression and allowing for design of specific signatures, with better prognostic/predictive clinical applications.
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Is an Essential Growth Factor for Human Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma and a Target for the von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Gene
