scholarly journals Local Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Gene Expression in Kidney Allografts Is Not Affected by Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Inhibitors

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249
Author(s):  
Monika Cahova ◽  
Martin Kveton ◽  
Vojtech Petr ◽  
David Funda ◽  
Helena Dankova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Angiotensin Ii Receptor ◽  
Kidney Transplant Recipients ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Receptor Blockers

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Preclinical studies suggested that pharmacological inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) by ACE inhibitors (ACEis) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) may increase local angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (<i>ACE2</i>) expression. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this study, we evaluated the effect of ACEi or ARB treatment on expression of <i>ACE2</i>, <i>ACE</i>, and <i>AGTR1</i> in 3-month protocol kidney allograft biopsies of stable patients using RT-qPCR (<i>n</i> = 48). Protein ACE2 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry from paraffin sections. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The therapy with RAAS blockers was not associated with increased <i>ACE2, ACE</i>, or <i>ATGR1</i> expression in kidney allografts and also ACE2 protein immunohistochemistry did not reveal differences among groups. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> ACEis or ARBs in kidney transplant recipients do not affect local ACE2 expression. This observation supports long-term RAAS treatment in kidney transplant recipients, despite acute complications such as COVID-19 where ACE2 serves as the entry protein for infection.

Twenty years of progress in angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and its link to SARS-CoV-2 disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (19) ◽  
pp. 2645-2664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos M. Ferrario ◽  
Sarfaraz Ahmad ◽  
Leanne Groban
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Disease Evolution ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
High Affinity Binding Site ◽  
Receptor Blockers

Abstract The virulence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the aggressive nature of the disease has transformed the universal pace of research in the desperate attempt to seek effective therapies to halt the morbidity and mortality of this pandemic. The rapid sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 virus facilitated identification of the receptor for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the high affinity binding site that allows virus endocytosis. Parallel evidence that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease evolution shows greater lethality in patients with antecedent cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or even obesity questioned the potential unfavorable contribution of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blockers as facilitators of adverse outcomes due to the ability of these therapies to augment the transcription of Ace2 with consequent increase in protein formation and enzymatic activity. We review, here, the specific studies that support a role of these agents in altering the expression and activity of ACE2 and underscore that the robustness of the experimental data is associated with weak clinical long-term studies of the existence of a similar regulation of tissue or plasma ACE2 in human subjects.

scholarly journals Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Approaches to pathogenetic therapy of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-345
Author(s):  
Polina O. Shatunova ◽  
Anatoly S. Bykov ◽  
Oksana A. Svitich ◽  
Vitaly V. Zverev
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Binding Free Energy ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Ii Receptor ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Pathogenetic Therapy ◽  
Receptor Blockers ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a pathogen causing the coronavirus infection that culminated in a worldwide pandemic in 2020. It belongs to β-coronaviruses and has high genetic similarity to the SARS-CoV virus that is responsible for an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2002–2003. The analysis of molecular interactions shows that SARS-CoV-2 has higher virulence due to lower binding free energy in interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is used by the virus to enter the host cell. At the time of the global coronavirus pandemic, the thorough study of ACE2 as a key component of the disease pathogenesis comes to the fore. The detailed study of the enzyme, which is a receptor located on the surface of different tissues and which normally catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin II to angiotensin (1–7), led to diverging conclusions. Being non-tissue specific, the receptor is abundantly present in the heart, kidneys, small intestine, testes, thyroid, and adipose tissue. Besides regulating blood pressure, it suppresses inflammation, mainly in the lung tissue, participates in amino acid transport and maintains the activity of the gut microbiome. With all its essential positive functions, the role of ACE2 is highly ambiguous, specifically in coronavirus infection. The influence on the renin-angiotensin system can be seen as a promising therapeutic route in treatment of coronavirus infection. The preliminary data on using of ACE2 inhibitors, soluble forms of ACE2, and angiotensin II receptor blockers demonstrate their effectiveness and, consequently, improvement in symptoms and prognoses for patients with coronavirus infection. The review presents information about ACE2 distribution in human tissues, explores its interaction with SARS-CoV-2, provides a theoretical basis for medications involving ACE2 metabolic pathways and for using them in treatment of coronavirus infection and its prevention.

scholarly journals Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and COVID-19: Patients, Comorbidities, and Therapies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Girish Pathangey ◽  
Priyal Praful Fadadu ◽  
Alexandra Raye Hospodar ◽  
Amr Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
World Health ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Ii Receptor ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Moderate Evidence ◽  
Receptor Blockers ◽  
Health Organization

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic, and the reality of the situation has finally caught up to the widespread reach of the disease. The presentation of the disease is highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic carriers to critical COVID-19. The availability of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors may reportedly increase the susceptibility and/or disease progression of COVID-19. Comorbidities and risk factors have also been noted to increase COVID-19 susceptibility. In this paper, we hereby review the evidence pertaining to ACE2's relationship to common comorbidities, risk factors, and therapies associated with severe and critical COVID-19. We also highlight gaps of knowledge that require further investigation. The primary comorbidities of respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension had strong evidence. The secondary risk factors of age, sex, and genetics had limited-to-moderate evidence. The tertiary factors of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers had limited-to-moderate evidence. Ibuprofen and thiazolidinediones had limited evidence.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 infection & Cardiology: Overview on Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibition.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Henrique Sumnienski Bertoldi ◽  
Rafael M Ronsoni ◽  
Marcus Vinicius Magno Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Ii Receptor ◽  
Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
Receptor Blockers

The CoV-2 is a coronavirus strain, and it main way to get access to the cells is via the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and cause the SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). For the treatment of hypertension, it's commonly used angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin II converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). It's clear that there is still a lot of uncertainty and controversy around SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 and only with more studies we will have proven answers. The use of medications such as ACEIS and ARBs should be individualized and in the majority of times its’ suspension is not necessary.

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