scholarly journals Replicating Receptive Fields of Simple and Complex Cells in Primary Visual Cortex in a Neuronal Network Model with Temporal and Population Sparseness and Reliability

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 2700-2725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuma Tanaka ◽  
Toshio Aoyagi ◽  
Takeshi Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Learning Rule ◽  
Simple Cell ◽  
Complex Cells ◽  
Receptive Field Properties ◽  
Output Neurons ◽  
Simple And Complex Cells

We propose a new principle for replicating receptive field properties of neurons in the primary visual cortex. We derive a learning rule for a feedforward network, which maintains a low firing rate for the output neurons (resulting in temporal sparseness) and allows only a small subset of the neurons in the network to fire at any given time (resulting in population sparseness). Our learning rule also sets the firing rates of the output neurons at each time step to near-maximum or near-minimum levels, resulting in neuronal reliability. The learning rule is simple enough to be written in spatially and temporally local forms. After the learning stage is performed using input image patches of natural scenes, output neurons in the model network are found to exhibit simple-cell-like receptive field properties. When the output of these simple-cell-like neurons are input to another model layer using the same learning rule, the second-layer output neurons after learning become less sensitive to the phase of gratings than the simple-cell-like input neurons. In particular, some of the second-layer output neurons become completely phase invariant, owing to the convergence of the connections from first-layer neurons with similar orientation selectivity to second-layer neurons in the model network. We examine the parameter dependencies of the receptive field properties of the model neurons after learning and discuss their biological implications. We also show that the localized learning rule is consistent with experimental results concerning neuronal plasticity and can replicate the receptive fields of simple and complex cells.

Selective effects of aging on simple and complex cells in primary visual cortex of rhesus monkeys

2012 ◽  
Vol 1470 ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Liang ◽  
Hongxin Li ◽  
Yun Yang ◽  
Guangxing Li ◽  
Yong Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Complex Cells ◽  
Simple And Complex Cells ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Selective Effects

The Joint Development of Orientation and Ocular Dominance: Role of Constraints

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 959-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Piepenbrock ◽  
Helge Ritter ◽  
Klaus Obermayer
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Simple Cell ◽  
Orientation Preference ◽  
Joint Development ◽  
Independent Work ◽  
Insight Into

Correlation-based learning (CBL) has been suggested as the mechanism that underlies the development of simple-cell receptive fields in the primary visual cortex of cats, including orientation preference (OR) and ocular dominance (OD) (Linsker, 1986; Miller, Keller, & Stryker, 1989). CBL has been applied successfully to the development of OR and OD individually (Miller, Keller, & Stryker, 1989; Miller, 1994; Miyashita & Tanaka, 1991; Erwin, Obermayer, & Schulten, 1995), but the conditions for their joint development have not been studied (but see Erwin & Miller, 1995, for independent work on the same question) in contrast to competitive Hebbian models (Obermayer, Blasdel, & Schulten, 1992). In this article, we provide insight into why this has been the case: OR and OD decouple in symmetric CBL models, and a joint development of OR and OD is possible only in a parameter regime that depends on nonlinear mechanisms.

Internal Spatial Organization of Receptive Fields of Complex Cells in the Early Visual Cortex

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 1194-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kota S. Sasaki ◽  
Izumi Ohzawa
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Minimal Model ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Simple Cell ◽  
Complex Cell ◽  
Linear Filters ◽  
Simple Cells ◽  
Complex Cells ◽  
Early Visual Cortex

The receptive fields of complex cells in the early visual cortex are economically modeled by combining outputs of a quadrature pair of linear filters. For actual complex cells, such a minimal model may be insufficient because many more simple cells are thought to make up a complex cell receptive field. To examine the minimalist model physiologically, we analyzed spatial relationships between the internal structure (subunits) and the overall receptive fields of individual complex cells by a two-stimulus interaction technique. The receptive fields of complex cells are more circular and only slightly larger than their subunits in size. In addition, complex cell subunits occupy spatial extents similar to those of simple cell receptive fields. Therefore in these respects, the minimalist schema is a fair approximation to actual complex cells. However, there are violations against the minimal model. Simple cell receptive fields have significantly fewer subregions than complex cell subunits and, in general, simple cell receptive fields are elongated more horizontally than vertically. This bias is absent in complex cell subunits and receptive fields. Thus simple cells cannot be equated to individual complex cell subunits and spatial pooling of simple cells may occur anisotropically to constitute a complex cell subunit. Moreover, when linear filters for complex cell subunits are examined separately for bright and dark responses, there are significant imbalances and position displacements between them. This suggests that actual complex cell receptive fields are constructed by a richer combination of linear filters than proposed by the minimalist model.

Receptive-field properties of neurons in different laminae of visual cortex of the cat

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 948-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Leventhal ◽  
H. V. Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Spontaneous Discharge ◽  
C Cells ◽  
Receptive Field Properties ◽  
Discharge Rates ◽  
Y Cells

1. Receptive-field properties of neurons in the different layers of the visual cortex of normal adult cats were analyzed quantitatively. Neurons were classified into one of two groups: 1) S-cells, which have discrete on- and/or off-regions in their receptive fields and possess inhibitory side bands; 2) C-cells, which do not have discrete on- and off-regions in their receptive fields but display an on-off response to flashing stimuli. Neurons of this type rarely display side-band inhibition. 2. As a group, S-cells display lower relative degrees of binocularity and are more selective for stimulus orientation than C-cells. In addition, within a given lamina the S-cells have smaller receptive fields, lower cutoff velocities, lower peak responses to visual stimulation, and lower spontaneous activity than do the C-cells. 3. S-cells in all layers of the cortex display similar orientation sensitivities, mean spontaneous discharge rates, peak response to visual stimulation, and degrees of binocularity. 4. Many of the receptive-field properties of cortical cells vary with laminar location. Receptive-field sizes and cutoff velocities of S-cells and of C-cells are greater in layers V and VI than in layers II-IV. For S-cells, preferred velocities are also greater in layers V and VI than in layers II-IV. Furthermore, C-cells in layers V and VI display high mean spontaneous discharge rates, weak orientation preferences, high relative degrees of binocularity, and higher peak responses to visual stimulation when compared to C-cells in layers II and III. 5. The receptive-field properties of cells in layers V-VI of the striate cortex suggest that most neurons that have their somata in these laminae receive afferents from LGNd Y-cells. Hence, our results suggest that afferents from LGNd Y-cells may play a major part in the cortical control of subcortical visual functions.

Physiological effects of unequal alternating monocular exposure

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 804-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Tieman ◽  
M. A. McCall ◽  
H. V. Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Receptive Field Properties ◽  
Binocular Competition ◽  
Almost All

1. In order to investigate the effects of an imbalance in stimulation to the eyes without the confounding influence of continuous deprivation of one eye, we reared cats with unequal alternating monocular exposure (AME) and, for comparison, cats with equal AME. We recorded extracellularly from single cells in area 17 of visual cortex. 2. For unequal AME cats, a majority of the cells that were visually responsive were dominated by the eye that had received more patterned visual experience. The percentage of cells dominated by the more experienced eye was greater with a large imbalance in stimulation to the two eyes (AME 8/1, 77%) than with a small imbalance (AME 8/4, 62%). 3. For both equal AME cats and unequal AME cats, we obtained evidence for differences in cells activated by the contralateral and by the ipsilateral afferents. a) In equal AME cats receiving only 1 h of exposure per day, we obtained a greater dominance by the contralateral eye (60%) than in equal AME cats receiving 8 h of exposure per day (42%). b) Although a large imbalance in stimulation (AME 8/1) resulted in a shift in ocular dominance in both cortical hemispheres, a moderate imbalance (AME 8/4) resulted in a smaller shift, which was apparent only in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the less-experienced eye. 4. The percentage of cortical cells responsive to each eye was uniform throughout the depth of cortex. Thus, for the unequal AME cats, cells activated by the less-experienced eye were no more frequent in layer IV of visual cortex than in the infragranular and supragranular layers. 5. Although almost all cells recorded from AME cats had relatively normal receptive-field properties, three receptive-field properties of cells in unequal AME cats showed an effect of the rearing. In each case cells dominated by the less-experienced eye and recorded in the cortical hemisphere ipsilateral to it showed the largest changes. These cells a) were more poorly tuned, b) had lower cutoff velocities, and c) had smaller receptive fields. 6. It is suggested that cortical cells that putatively receive Y-cell afferents from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) are more affected by an imbalance in stimulation than are cortical cells that putatively receive X-cell afferents. Thus, the decrease in mean receptive-field area and cutoff velocity for the cells dominated by the less-experienced eye is suggested to be due to a greater shift in ocular dominance by the cortical cells receiving Y-cell afferents from the LGNd. 7. The interaction between binocular competition and deprivation of pattern vision may contribute to differences between monocularly deprived cats and unequal AME cats.

Receptive-field maps of correlated discharge between pairs of neurons in the cat's visual cortex

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Ghose ◽  
I. Ohzawa ◽  
R. D. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Random Sequence ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Simple Cell ◽  
Reverse Correlation ◽  
Sinusoidal Gratings ◽  
Reverse Correlation Analysis ◽  
Correlation Procedure

1. To investigate the functional significance of temporally correlated discharge between nearby cells in the visual cortex, we obtained receptive-field maps of correlated discharge for 68 cell pairs in kittens and cats. Discharge from cell pairs was measured by a single extracellular electrode. A reverse correlation procedure was used to relate neural discharge to particular stimuli within a random sequence of briefly flashed bright and dark bars. Bicellular receptive fields (BRFs) were mapped by applying reverse correlation to approximately synchronous discharge from two cells. Unicellular receptive fields (URFs) were simultaneously mapped by separately applying reverse correlation to the discharge of each cell. 2. The receptive fields of the two neurons within each pair were initially studied by varying the orientation and spatial frequency of drifting sinusoidal gratings. After these tests a random sequence of appropriately oriented bars was used to evoke discharge suitable for reverse correlation analysis. For most cell pairs, the temporal pattern or strength of correlated discharge produced by such stimulation is different from that observed with stimulation by sinusoidal gratings. This indicates that visually evoked correlated discharge between nearby cells is stimulus dependent. 3. BRFs were classified according to their pattern of spatial sensitivity into three groups that roughly correspond to the single-cell receptive-field types of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN; center-surround) and visual cortex (simple and complex). These classifications were compared with the receptive-field types of the single cells within each pair. LGN-type and simple-type BRFs were only seen for pairs in which at least one of the cells was simple. Conversely, complex-type BRFs were only seen for pairs in which at least one of the cells was complex. 4. Because the reverse correlation procedure can be used to characterize the spatiotemporal receptive-field structure of simple cells, we were able to compare both the spatial and temporal properties associated with the URFs and BRFs of simple cell pairs. The spatiotemporal structure of the BRF of a simple-cell pair can largely be predicted on the basis of the two URFs. Although this prediction suggests the possibility that BRFs are stimulus artifacts, a shuffle procedure, in which multiple repetitions of random sequences were presented, verifies the neural origin of BRFs. BRFs emerge from specific neural pathways and are not simply a consequence of unicellular response preferences. 5. Five measures were derived from the reverse correlation analysis of simple-cell receptive fields: width, duration, optimal spatial and temporal frequency, and optimal velocity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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