reverse correlation
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2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. e1009738
Author(s):  
William Turner ◽  
Daniel Feuerriegel ◽  
Robert Hester ◽  
Stefan Bode

We often need to rapidly change our mind about perceptual decisions in order to account for new information and correct mistakes. One fundamental, unresolved question is whether information processed prior to a decision being made (‘pre-decisional information’) has any influence on the likelihood and speed with which that decision is reversed. We investigated this using a luminance discrimination task in which participants indicated which of two flickering greyscale squares was brightest. Following an initial decision, the stimuli briefly remained on screen, and participants could change their response. Using psychophysical reverse correlation, we examined how moment-to-moment fluctuations in stimulus luminance affected participants’ decisions. This revealed that the strength of even the very earliest (pre-decisional) evidence was associated with the likelihood and speed of later changes of mind. To account for this effect, we propose an extended diffusion model in which an initial ‘snapshot’ of sensory information biases ongoing evidence accumulation.


Author(s):  
Lorenz Weise ◽  
Saskia D. Forster ◽  
Siegfried Gauggel

AbstractIn the area of metacognition research, different methods have been used to study participants’ subjective sense of confidence in their choices. Among the most often used methods are explicit reports of subjective confidence, post-decision wagering and measuring additional info-seeking behavior. While all three methods are thought to measure confidence, they differ greatly in terms of practical execution and theoretical foundation. The method of reverse correlation has previously been used to determine which aspects of the stimulus influence decisions and confidence judgments. Here we compare the three methods of confidence assessment using reverse correlation analysis. Explicit reports and post-decision wagering revealed a positive association of stimulus information with choices and reduced decision weights for low-confidence trials. When confidence was assessed using the info-seeking method, low-confidence trials showed an inverted association with primary stimulus information. Using modelling of the behavioral data, we show how the reverse correlation results of all three methods can be explained by a simple model of confidence when internal error-corrections are allowed during seeking of additional information.


2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762110186
Author(s):  
Lara Maister ◽  
Sophie De Beukelaer ◽  
Matthew R. Longo ◽  
Manos Tsakiris

Is there a way to visually depict the image people “see” of themselves in their minds’ eyes? And if so, what can these mental images tell us about ourselves? We used a computational reverse-correlation technique to explore individuals’ mental “self-portraits” of their faces and body shapes in an unbiased, data-driven way (total N = 116 adults). Self-portraits were similar to individuals’ real faces but, importantly, also contained clues to each person’s self-reported personality traits, which were reliably detected by external observers. Furthermore, people with higher social self-esteem produced more true-to-life self-portraits. Unlike face portraits, body portraits had negligible relationships with individuals’ actual body shape, but as with faces, they were influenced by people’s beliefs and emotions. We show how psychological beliefs and attitudes about oneself bias the perceptual representation of one’s appearance and provide a unique window into the internal mental self-representation—findings that have important implications for mental health and visual culture.


Blood ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 138 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 4599-4599
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Yu. Chelysheva ◽  
Anna Petrova ◽  
Oleg A. Shukhov ◽  
Margarita Gurianova ◽  
Anastasiya Bykova ◽  
...  

Abstract Introduction Data on the effectiveness and safety of new vaccines against COVID-19 in patients (pts) with hematological diseases are just beginning to accumulate. We planned to obtain such information for pts with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during vaccination. Objective. To evaluate the antibodies formation and adverse events (AEs) after vaccination against COVID-19 in pts with CML Materials and methods. All pts with CML diagnosis who applied to the National Research Center for Hematology (NRCH, Moscow, Russia) for outpatient or remote consultations were suggested to prospectively report the AEs after getting a vaccination against COVID-19 by the most frequently used vector-based vaccine GamCovidVac (Sputnik V). Two vaccine components with the interval of 21 days were given at the vaccination facilities, as prescribed. At least after 3 weeks after the 2 nd injection, pts were advised to perform a blood test for the specific antibodies against spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. A semi-quantitative test detecting the SARS-CoV-2 S1 subunit (RBD) IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) kit was used in the clinic. The results were considered positive with the cutoff index >1,1. The use of any other lab tests detecting antibodies to S protein of SARS-CoV-2 was acceptable as well. Results. In total, 66 pts with chronic phase of CML received a vaccination by Sputnik V in the 7 months period (from 18.12.2020 to 20.07.2021). Me age was 54 years (range 29 - 89 years), 34 (52%) were males. Median (Me) CML duration was 8 years (from the moment of diagnostics up to 20 years). Fifty one (77%) pt received TKI therapy and 15 (23%) were off-therapy at the time of vaccination, including 12 (18%) in a treatment-free remission and 3 (4,5%) pts in the process of diagnosis. Deep and major molecular response (MMR) was in 46 (70%) and 7 (11%) pts, respectively. Two (3%) pts had a molecular response MR2, 11 (17%) had no MR2. Eight (12%) pts had a history of COVID-19 manifestation prior to vaccination. Me time for testing for the antibodies was 27 days (range 5-77) after the 2 nd vaccine injection. The tests were done in 44 (67%) of pts and revealed positive by any of the test systems in 42 (95%) pts. ELISA test was used in 30 (45%) pts and was positive in 25 (83%) of 30 pts. Me cutoff index in the positive samples was 7,7 (range 1,1 - 12) and corresponded to the value observed in healthy people after vaccination (medical stuff, data not shown). In all 3 pts with the history COVID 19, the index of positivity was above the Me value (Fig. 1, 2). Other test systems were used in 14 (21%) pts, in all 14 (100%) the antibodies were found. In 3 of 5 patients with the cutoff index<1 the antibodies were detected by using other test systems, but all with a level slightly above the detection threshold. Me age of these 5 pts was 63 years (range 59- 70), Me time of analysis was 49 days (range 23-59) after 2 nd vaccine shot. All these pts were on treatment by tyrosine kinase inhibitors, 3 pts with MMR and deeper, 1 pt with MR2 and 1 pt without MR2. A weak reverse correlation of the antibody levels with the time after vaccination was noted ( r = - 0,39, p = 0,033). A very weak reverse correlation with age was observed ( r = - 0,28, p = 0,127) (Fig. 1, 2). No AEs after the vaccination were observed in 25 (38%) pts while 41 (62%) pts reported the AEs and 7 (10%) pts did not report their reactions. The AEs were as follows: local pain/discomfort in the injection site in 19 (29%) pts, weakness and/or drowsiness in 20 (30%), fever and/or chills in 16 (24%), other reactions in 8 (12%) including headache, heartbeat, lower back pain, pain in limbs, activation of herpes infection. Conclusion: The single center study revealed no unusual or unexpected AEs in CML pts after the vaccination against COVID-19 by Sputnik V vaccine. The proportion of CML pts with specific antibodies after was 95% which is close to the published results of the 3rd phase study. No significant correlation was found with age (r = -0,28, p = 0,127), however, the absence or very low antibody levels were detected in individual patients aged about 60-70 years. This data raise a question of a necessity for a non-specific protection (masks, respirators, distance etc) and probably considering additional vaccination in some elderly persons. The duration of a humoral response against COVID-19, protective antibody titer and connection with clinical outcomes in CML pts need further evaluation in parallel with a common population. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Chelysheva: Pfizer: Speakers Bureau; Pharmstandart: Speakers Bureau; Bristol Myers Squibb: Speakers Bureau; Novartis Pharma: Speakers Bureau. Petrova: Pfizer: Speakers Bureau; Novartis Pharma: Speakers Bureau. Gurianova: Pfizer: Speakers Bureau. Turkina: Pharmstandart: Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Speakers Bureau; Novartis Pharma: Speakers Bureau; Bristol Myers Squibb: Speakers Bureau.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 2880
Author(s):  
Leigh Greenberg ◽  
Allison B. Sekuler ◽  
Patrick J. Bennett
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110394
Author(s):  
Jazmin L. Brown-Iannuzzi ◽  
Erin Cooley ◽  
William Cipolli ◽  
B. Keith Payne

When people support voter identification (ID) laws, who do they imagine they are keeping in and out of the voting booth? We investigated this question across three studies. First, using a traditional survey approach, we found support for voter ID laws was associated with beliefs that ID requirements reduce illegal voting by both Black and White people to the same degree. Because explicit surveys are vulnerable to social desirability concerns, in the following two studies, we utilized an indirect measure, reverse correlation, to investigate mental images of those who try to vote illegally (Study 2) and mental images of those who should and should not get to vote (Study 3). The findings of these studies suggest that support for voter ID laws is associated with racially biased perceptions of illegal voters and who should get to vote. Critically, these biased perceptions may be underestimated by traditional explicit survey approaches.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Eduardo Martinez ◽  
DongWon Oh ◽  
Alexander Todorov

Illegalized immigrants are mentally associated with specific visual expectations (e.g., dark-skinned threats) and classifications (e.g., Latin American, Syrian, poor, economic drains). However, these findings provide only partial accounts of how migrant illegality is represented: visual representations could shift depending on the various societal positions or categories illegalized immigrants occupy. We therefore introduce a factorial cross-categorical reverse correlation design where online participants (N = 480) visualized immigrants simultaneously associated with certain documentation statuses (documented or undocumented), economic circumstances (job or welfare), and nationalities (Mexican, Irish, Chinese, or Nigerian). The resulting images and evaluations by naïve samples (N = 345) highlighted that: 1) illegality is not always visually encoded as darker skin, 2) affective face expressions hint at racialized expectations of European vs. non-European immigrants’ societal positions in the U.S., and 3) disaggregation of a target category is critical for understanding the relationship between categorical and visual mental representations.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin W Roop ◽  
Ben Parrell ◽  
Adam C Lammert

Uncovering cognitive representations is an elusive goal that is increasingly pursued using the reverse correlation method. Employing reverse correlation often entails collecting thousands of stimulus-response pairs from human subjects, a burdensome task that limits the feasibility of many such studies. This methodological barrier can potentially be overcome using recent advances in signal processing designed to improve sampling efficiency, specifically compressive sensing. Here, compressive sensing is shown to be directly compatible with reverse correlation, and a trio of simulations are performed to demonstrate that compressive sensing can improve the accuracy of reconstructed representations while dramatically reducing the required number of samples. This work concludes by outlining the potential of compressive sensing to improve representation reconstruction throughout the field of neuroscience and beyond.


Author(s):  
Nicoleta Suciu ◽  
Cristina Oana Mărginean ◽  
Lorena Elena Meliț ◽  
Dana Valentina Ghiga ◽  
Cristiana Cojocaru ◽  
...  

The aim of this study was to assess the level of creativity and personality traits and their mutual influence on medical students using the DECAS and BWAS. We performed a prospective descriptive study on 119 medical students from Târgu Mureș, Romania between November 2020 and July 2021, who answered questions relating to the BWAS and DECAS scales to evaluate their creativity and personality traits. Our findings pointed out a reverse correlation between age and both the original and revised BWAS (r = −0.2037, p = 0.0263; r = −0.1931, p = 0.0354). In terms of extraversion, we found a significant positive correlation for both openness (r = 0.3032, p = 0.0008) and emotional stability (r = 0.2868, p = 0.0016) and a negative correlation between extraversion and agreeability (r = −0.2394, p = 0.0087). Regarding creativity, we found positive correlations between emotional stability and both the original and revised BWAS (r = 0.20, p = 0.0279; r = 0.20, p = 0.0245). Medical students’ creativity might be positively influenced by emotional stability and seems to decrease with age. Higher extraversion scores could be related to increased openness and emotional stability as well as decreased agreeability.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Eduardo Martinez ◽  
DongWon Oh ◽  
Alexander Todorov

Politicized U.S. immigration discourse has spurred interest in characterizing who illegalized immigrants are or perceived to be. What are the associated visual representations of migrant illegality? Across two studies with undergraduate and online samples (N = 686), we used face- based reverse correlation and spatial arrangement to capture representations of illegalized immigrant men and their differentiation from U.S. citizen or documented immigrant representations. Documentation statuses were differentially racialized. Immigrant representations were dark-skinned and classified as non-white, while citizen representations were light-skinned, evaluated positively, and classified as white. Legality further differentiated immigrant representations: documentation conjured positive representations, illegality conjured threatening representations. In a similarity task, participants used faces’ pixel luminance (e.g., skin color) and perceived American-ness to sort unlabeled faces by documentation status, confirming their representational distinctions. Illegalized immigrants were uniquely racialized as dark-skinned un- American threats, highlighting the continued impact of U.S. imperial projects and colorism in shaping representations of migrant illegality.


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