Is Weaker Inhibition Associated with Supernatural Beliefs?

AbstractAdults identified as believers and sceptics based on self-reports from a supernatural beliefs scale were assessed on two measures of inhibition; the Stroop Color‐Word Task and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Both groups were of equal educational status and background. However, believers made significantly more errors than sceptics on all subscales of the WCST but were equivalent in performance on the Stroop measure. This finding is consistent with the idea that supernatural beliefs in adults are related to some types of inhibitory control.

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Selective, Sustained, and Shift in Attention in Patients with Diagnoses of Schizophrenia

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.2002.95.3f.1087 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 95 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1087-1095 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

H. Hagh-Shenas ◽

S. Toobai ◽

A. Makaremi

Keyword(s):

Performance Test ◽

Color Word ◽

Continuous Performance Test ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Attention Problems ◽

Continuous Performance ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

Attentional deficits are a prominent aspect of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. The present study was designed to investigate attention deficit in a group of patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia. According to the segmental set theory suggested by Hogarty and Flesher, three aspects of attention problems, selective, sustained, and shift in attention, were studied. The 30 patients hospitalized on three psychiatric wards at Shiraz and Isfahan and 30 normal healthy subjects matched for age, sex, and years of education were administered a computerized Continuous Performance Test, Stroop Color-word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting test. Analysis showed patients performed more poorly than control subjects on measured aspects of attention. The acute/chronic classification did not predict differences in attention scores between subtypes of schizophrenia, while the positive/negative classification did. Paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual groups by subtypes of schizophrenia showed similar performance on the Continuous Performance Test, but were significantly different on errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting test and on reaction time to Stroop stimuli in the incongruent color-word condition. Patients with paranoid diagnosis performed better than other subtypes on these tasks. Present results suggest that the Continuous Performance Test is valuable for differentiating of schizophrenia spectrum disorder, while scores on Stroop and Wisconsin card sorting may have better diagnostic value for differentiating subtypes of the disorder.

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Is executive function distinguishing schizophrenia from bipolar disorder?

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73124-8 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (S2) ◽

pp. 1419-1419

Author(s):

M.R. Khodaee ◽

M.K. Derakhshan ◽

A. Khodabakhshi Kooalee

Keyword(s):

Executive Function ◽

Educational Status ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

Bipolar Type ◽

Patient Groups ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

ObjectivesThere is an evidence for differential executive function in bipolar type 1 disorder (B1D) and schizophrenia that may tend different cognitive deficits and abnormalities. The objective of this study was to compare the executive function of B1D and schizophrenic patients.MethodWe studied 50 patients with B1D, and 50 schizophrenic participants. All participants completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) of the Persian version. The participants were match in three basic variables which had most contributions in cognitive conditions in patients. They were Age, educational status and period of illness.ResultsThe two patient groups had compared performance on the WCST. In the WCST, schizophrenic patients showed impairment executive function more than B1D patients.ConclusionsFindings indicated that schizophrenic patients had more dysfunctions executive function than the Bipolar type 1 disorder patients. Although, both disorders may show the impairment in executive function, but the dysfunction in schizophrenia greater than bipolar type 1disorder patients.

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Perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and brain perfusion imaging in mild Alzheimer's disease

International Psychogeriatrics ◽

10.1017/s1041610211001463 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 23 (10) ◽

pp. 1552-1559 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Seishi Terada ◽

Shuhei Sato ◽

Hajime Honda ◽

Yuki Kishimoto ◽

Naoya Takeda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽

Brain Perfusion ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Brain Perfusion Imaging ◽

Perseverative Errors ◽

Z Scores ◽

Two Measures ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

ABSTRACTBackground: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) has long been used to investigate deficits in executive function in humans. The majority of studies investigating deficient WCST performance focused on the number of categories achieved (CA) and the number of perseverative errors of the Nelson type (PEN). However, there is insufficient evidence that these two measures reflect the same neural deficits.Methods: Twenty AD patients with high PEN scores, and 20 age- and sex-matched AD patients with low PEN scores were selected. All 40 subjects underwent brain SPECT, and the SPECT images were analyzed by Statistical Parametric Mapping.Results: No significant differences were found between high and low PEN score groups with respect to years of education, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination scores, and Mini-Mental State Examination scores. However, higher z scores for hypoperfusion in the bilateral rectal and orbital gyri were observed in the high PEN score group compared with the low PEN score group.Conclusions: Our results suggest that functional activity of the bilateral rectal and orbital gyri is closely related to PEN scores on a modified WCST (mWCST). The PEN score on a mWCST might be a promising index of dysfunction of the orbitofrontal area among patients with mild AD.

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Heritability of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Stroop Color-Word Test Performance in Normal Individuals: Implications for the Search for Endophenotypes

Twin Research and Human Genetics ◽

10.1375/twin.10.6.829 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 829-834 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Jeanette Taylor

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Functioning ◽

Test Performance ◽

Color Word ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Word Test ◽

Normal Individuals ◽

Stroop Color Word Test ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

AbstractAsurge in the search for endophenotypes for psychiatric disorders has occurred in the past several years. An important criterion of an endophenotype is that it is heritable. Two of the most widely used executive cognitive functioning measures are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Stroop Color-Word Test. Each has been considered as a possible endophenotype. However, research on the heritability of each of these measures is sparse, and in the case of the WCST, mixed. As part of a pilot twin study examining cognitive functioning and personality in adults, the WCST and the Stroop were administered to 80 monozygotic and 29 dizygotic twin pairs screened for absence of neurological disease and head injury. Results replicated and extended previous findings for moderate heritability of Stroop performance. However, the WCST showed little evidence of genetic influence, suggesting that it might not meet one of the criteria for an endophenotype.

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Performance of Non-neurological Older Adults on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Stroop Color-Word Test: Normal Variability or Cognitive Impairment?

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acs047 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 398-405 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. H. Gunner ◽

A. S. Miele ◽

J. K. Lynch ◽

R. J. McCaffrey

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Color Word ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Word Test ◽

Stroop Color Word Test ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test ◽

Normal Variability

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The Role of Shifting, Inhibition and Working Memory in Older Adults' Performance in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e512682013-588 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Nadia Gamboz ◽

Erika Borella ◽

Maria Antonella Brandimonte

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Working Memory ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

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Dopaminergic Genes Polymorphisms and Prefrontal Cortex Efficiency Among Obese People - Whether Gender is a Differentiating Factor?

Current Molecular Medicine ◽

10.2174/1566524019666190424143653 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 405-418

Author(s):

Maciej Bieliński ◽

Natalia Lesiewska ◽

Roman Junik ◽

Anna Kamińska ◽

Andrzej Tretyn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Executive Functions ◽

Tandem Repeats ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Variable Number ◽

Card Sorting ◽

Obese People ◽

Perseverative Errors ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

Background:Obesity is a chronic condition associated with poorer cognitive functioning. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a useful tool for evaluating executive functions. In this study, we assessed the association between dopaminergic gene polymorphisms: DAT1 (SLC6A3), COMTVal158Met, DRD4 (48-bp variable number of tandem repeats - VNTR) and WCST parameters to investigate the functions of the frontal lobes in obese individuals.Objective:To find the significant correlations between polymorphisms of DAT1, COMTVal158Met, DRD4 and executive functions in obese subjects.Methods:The analysis of the frequency of individual alleles was performed in 248 obese patients (179 women, 69 men). Evaluation of the prefrontal cortex function (operating memory and executive functions) was measured with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Separate analyzes were performed in age subgroups to determine different activities and regulation of genes in younger and older participants.Results:Scores of WCST parameters were different in the subgroups of women and men and in the age subgroups. Regarding the COMT gene, patients with A/A and G/A polymorphisms showed significantly better WCST results in WCST_P, WCST_CC and WCST_1st. Regarding DAT1 men with L/L and L/S made less non-perseverative errors, which was statistically significant. In DRD4, significantly better WCST_1st results were found only in older women with S allele.Conclusion:Obtained results indicate the involvement of dopaminergic transmission in the regulation of prefrontal cortex function. Data analysis indicates that prefrontal cortex function may ensue, from different elements such as genetic factors, metabolic aspects of obesity, and hormonal activity (estrogen).

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