scholarly journals Problems and Processes of Restricting Navigation in Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-463
Author(s):  
So Yeon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
International Maritime Organization ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Conservation Measure ◽  
The Law

Abstract Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) are a form of marine conservation measure established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to protect the marine environment against damage caused by navigation. The politicisation of the PSSA designation process and the shortcomings of the 2015 IMO Revised Guidelines for the Identification and Designation of PSSAs have been inimical to improving the PSSA regime. This article first examines the law and practice of PSSAs and discusses the shortcomings of the 2005 Guidelines. It then explores how politicisation outside and inside the IMO has aggravated the institutional weaknesses of the PSSA regime in three aspects: the relationships between Associated Protective Measures (APMs) and existing navigational measures; the links between the ecosystems and PSSAs; and the lack of stringent APMs.

8 The IMO’s Work on Environmental Protection and Global Ocean Governance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chircop Aldo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
International Organization ◽  
International Maritime Organization ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Ocean Governance ◽  
The Law

This chapter surveys the extensive work undertaken by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to protect the marine environment. It argues that marine environment issues cannot be the exclusive responsibility of one international organization, even one as proactive as the IMO. The chapter offers a variety of suggestions that might be looked into to improve the effectiveness of IMO measures. It also notes that flag states do not always live up to their responsibilities under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) with regard to the exercise of effective control and jurisdiction over ships flying their flags. In this light, Port State Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) reports frequently observe substantial deficiencies on a number of vessels, whether flagged under open registries or not. It remains to be seen whether the recently adopted IMO compulsory audit scheme may cast further light on these issues.

scholarly journals PERAN KONVENSI HUKUM LAUT INTERNASIONAL PBB 1982 DAN INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO) BAGI KESELAMATAN DAN KEAMANAN ANAK BUAH KAPAL (ABK) SELAMA BERLAYAR DALAM PELAYARAN INTERNASIONAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-178
Author(s):  
Piseth Chann
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Management ◽  
International Maritime Organization ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRAKEksploitasi terhadap tenaga kerja di laut lepas, khususnya ABK, masih sering terjadi. Meskipun tidak diatur secara spesifik, keselamatan dan keamanan ABK dapat dikaitkan dengan KHL PBB 1982, Pasal 94. Tujuan dari kajian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan keterkaitan Pasal 94 KHL dengan perlindungan terhadap ABK, peran IMO terhadap keselamatan dan keamanan ABK, dan kerja sama antara IMO dan ILO dalam menangani masalah eksploitasi sumber daya manusia dalam pelayaran internasional. Dari kajian ini dapat dijelaskan bahwa dalam KHL PBB 1982, Pasal 94 Ayat 2 (b) dan 3 (b) terdapat kewajiban yang dibebankan kepada Negara Bendera untuk ikut bertanggung jawab jika ABK mendapatkan suatu masalah. Sementara itu, sebagai agen khusus PBB, IMO telah mengadopsi satu Kode Manajemen Internasional dengan tujuan untuk memastikan keselamatan manusia dan menghindari kerusakan lingkungan laut. IMO, ILO dan Ad Hoc juga membentuk kerja sama tripartit untuk mengatur hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan ketenagakerjaan di laut. Kata Kunci: anak buah kapal; IMO; ILO; keselamatan dan keamanan ABSTRACTExploitation of workers on the high seas, especially the ship's crew, is still common. Although not specifically regulated, the safety and security of the ship's crew can be linked to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Article 94. The purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between Article 94 UNCLOS and the protection of ship's crew, the role of International Maritime Organization (IMO) in the safety and security of ship's crew, and cooperation between IMO and ILO in dealing with the problem of exploitation of human resources in international shipping. From this study, it can be explained that in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 94 Paragraphs 2 (b) and 3 (b) there was an obligation imposed on the Flag State to take responsibility if the ship's crew had a problem. Meanwhile, as a UN special agent, IMO has adopted an International Management Code to ensure human safety and avoid damage to the marine environment. IMO, ILO and Ad Hoc also formed tripartite cooperation to regulate matters related to employment at sea.Keywords: ILO; IMO; security and safety; ship's crew

10. International Watercourses: Environmental Protection and Sustainable Use

2021 ◽  
pp. 571-616
Author(s):  
Alan Boyle ◽  
Catherine Redgwell
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Finite Resource ◽  
International Water Law ◽  
International Water ◽  
The Law

This chapter turns to issues related to fresh water. Fresh water is a finite resource and the more we pollute it, the more issues we have with its use. A sustainable supply of fresh water is vital to life. Historically, international water law was not particularly concerned with environmental problems. This chapter talks of ‘international watercourse’ which is a convenient designation for rivers, lakes, or groundwater sources shared by two mor more states. The law of international watercourses has for most of its history been concerned with the allocation and use of a natural resource of international significance, not with its conservation or environmental protection. While it can be asserted with some confidence that states are no longer free to pollute or otherwise destroy the ecology of a shared watercourse to the detriment of their neighbours or of the marine environment, definitive conclusions concerning the law in this area are more difficult to draw.

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