Diseases of Gastropoda

Gastropods (class Gastropoda) form the largest of the classes in the phylum Mollusca and inhabit terrestrial, fresh water and marine environments. A large number of these species are of major conservation importance and are an essential component of ecosystems. Gastropods may be deemed as pests, having a negative impact in horticulture and agriculture, whereas others may be used as a food source for human consumption and therefore are beneficial. Gastropods are susceptible to primary diseases and also act as intermediate hosts for diseases which affect other animals, including humans. The diseases described include two that are notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE): Xenohaliotis californiensis and Abalone viral ganglioneuritis caused by Haliotid herpesvirus-1 (HaHV-1). Research into the diseases of gastropods has often focused on those species that act as intermediate disease hosts, those that are used in research or those cultured for food. In this paper we review the viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic and miscellaneous conditions that have been reported in gastropods and mention some of the factors that appear to predispose them to disease. The pathogenicity of a number of these conditions has not been fully ascertained and more research is needed into specifying both the etiological agent and significance in some of the diseases reported.

Postharvest Losses in Quantity and Quality of Pear (cv. Packham’s Triumph) along the Supply Chain and Associated Economic, Environmental and Resource Impacts

Approximately one third of the food produced globally is lost or wasted along the supply chain. Reducing this would be an important measure to increase the global food supply as the world continues the struggle to feed its people sustainably. Not merely a waste of food, these losses also represent a waste of human effort and agricultural inputs from expensive fertilizers to natural resources as well as contributing to global greenhouse gas emissions. Measuring the extent of, and understanding the reasons for, these losses can assist in developing appropriate measures required to prevent or reduce such losses. Therefore, the objective of this research was to quantify postharvest losses in quantity and quality of ‘Packham’s Triumph’ pears at farm and simulated retail levels. Pears were sampled from two farms in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, the largest deciduous fruit production and export region in Southern Africa. The greatest losses measured along the supply chain were on-farm immediately after harvest, with 18% recorded. The main reasons for on-farm losses were small size (65%), deformity (26%), and chafed peel (9%). After 14 days in cold storage (−0.3 ± 0.7 °C, 81.3 ± 4.1% RH), mean pear losses were 0.86% which increased to 1.49% after 28 days. After 10 days of further storage under simulated market conditions (5.4 ± 0.6 °C, 83.7 ± 2.9% RH), fruit losses were 1.52% during retail marketing and 2.09% during export. Storing pears under ambient conditions (25.1 ± 1.3 °C and 46.6 ± 6.0% RH) resulted in a higher incidence of losses, increasing from 0.90 to 1.55 and 2.25% after 3, 7, and 10 days, respectively. The socio-economic impacts of these postharvest losses amounted to financial losses of between ZAR 492 million (USD 34.1 million according to the conversion rate of 14 April 2021) to over ZAR 831 million annually, and this was associated with the loss of 301 million MJ of fossil energy, 69 million m3 of fresh water and contributed to the emission of approximately 19,690 tons of CO2 equivalent. The fresh water lost could sustain 3.7 million individuals daily for a whole year at a daily minimum usage rate of 0.05 m3 per day while it will require planting 0.5 million trees to sink the 19,690 tons GHG emissions of the pear losses (0.039 metric ton per urban tree planted). Decreasing postharvest losses will conserve resources as well as improve food security and nutrition, objectives of the post-2015 sustainable development agenda led by the United Nations.

The modell ing study of flow in Vasishta Godavari estuary

The v as islua branch of the Godavari estuary open s into the Bay of Bengal at Antarvedi,Conditions in the estuary arccharacterized by a seasonally varying fresh water discharge and salt water intrusionfrom the Bay resul tingfrom the flow as~oc ia ted with the se.ni- diu rnal t ide. A numerica l model is applied to simulatethe flow and sali nity structures which have also been documented m the literature. The observations duringmonsoon and post-monsoon seasons arc used in a comparison with the theor etical results which are derived froma model in which turbulenceclosure scheme is used.

PENGARUH SALINITAS TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN STADIUM AKUATIK Aedes aegypti DI LABORATORIUM

Aedes aegypti is known as the species of mosquito that breeds in fresh water, but due to the nature of adaptive this species found in habitats containing salt. This laboratory experiment aims to find out how different concentration of salinity will affect aquatic stages of Aedes aegypti. Salinity concentrations or treatment used in this study were 0‰, 2‰, 4‰, 6‰, 8‰ and 10‰ with five replicates. The observed parameters is the number of hatched eggs and number of surviving larvae or pupa after exposed to media containing salt. The results show that salinity influence both the number of hatced eggs and surviving larvae or pupae. There were decrease of number of hatched eggs and also the surviving larva or pupa as salinity increase. Analysis of variance showed significant relationship between salinity and the number of larvae or pupae survived but not with number of hatched eggs. Dengue vector adaptation against salinity become a phenomenon that needs to be examined and related to the spread of vector in habitats containing salt as well as transmission of the virus.

STUDY ON ICHTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY IN RELATION TO PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF MANAKONDUR FRESH WATER LAKE OF KARIMNAGAR DISTRICT, TELANGANA STATE, INDIA

Freshwater bodies are one of the most common and stable habitats of biosphere. The freshwater habitats have their own physico-chemical and biological characters which are subjected to modify by local conditions and physiographic features. The water quality parameters have a great influence on the growth and other factors of aquatic organisms. Therefore, the lentic water body gives a good source for fisheries. The present investigation deals with limnological and physico-chemical parameters and their influence on Ichthyofauna abundance in Manakondur fresh water Lake at Karimnagar District, Telangana State. The study was carried out for a period of one year i.e., from June, 2020 to May, 2021.The investigation was focused on the determination of hydro-chemical parameters such as Water temperature(19.0-31.0ºC),Transparency(18.50-44.30cm),TDS(200-350mg/l),PH(7.5-8.3),DO(5.2-12.0mg/l),Co2 (3.0-9.2mg/l),TH(110-210mg/l),TA(165-300mg/l),CL(35.00-50.20mg/l),Po4 (0.02-0.16mg/l),No3 (0.02-0.14mg/l) and BOD(2.5-7.0mg/l).The study was made to recorded fish fauna available. Total 33 species of fishes were collected and identified during the study period which belongs to 6 orders, 12 families and 18 genera. The order Cypriniformes was dominant with 15 species, followed by Siluriformes (8 species), Osteoglosiformes(2 species), Perciformes(4 species), Channiformes(3 species), Perciformes(4 species) and Antherniformes(1 species) were identified. Order wise percentage composition is Cypriniformes (17%), Siluroformes (34%), (Osteoglossiformes(8%), Perciformes (25%), Channiformes (8%), Anthrniformes (8%) In the light of recent literature, the data has been discussed and it is concluded that limnological and physico-chemical parameters in this reservoir are most comply with suitability of human consumption and favourable for fishery. In the light of recent literature, the data has been discussed and it is concluded that limnological and physico-chemical parameters in this reservoir are most comply with suitability of human consumption and favourable for fishery.

Climate Sadness: The Fragile Beauty of Tonlé Sap

Tonlé Sap is the large fresh water lake-river near the geographic center of Cambodia. Visiting Tonlé Sap, following an academic conference in Phnom Penh, demanded a response at a personal and more visceral human level. Writing this poem attempted to express disquiet beyond academic examination of the biophysical dimensions of Tonlé Sap. The poem is sad for Tonlé Sap, for Cambodia, and implicitly for all of us on this planet. For thousands of years people have lived around Tonlé Sap, adapting to weather, the flow of water from mountain to sea, and the changing ebb and flow of civilizations. Anthropogenic sea level rise challenges all of this human history, unnecessarily.

COUNTERING CLIMATE CHANGE BY PROTECTING THE ATMOSPHERE FROM ANTHROPOGENIC GASES AND CREATING ARTIFICIAL SOURCES OF FRESH WATER

The activities of mankind in the past at least 70 years have led to the disruption of the planet's ecosystem with the prospect of serious consequences for life on Earth. To start at least slow down their action, only global scientific and technical solutions with very short periods of their implementation are needed. The article proposes to carry out the separation of fumes before their emission into the atmosphere, during which, to carry out the selection of greenhouse and toxic components of fumes, with the aim of their further utilization or neutralization. Protecting the atmosphere from smoke and eliminating the shortage of freshwater are purely technical areas that will not create unsolvable problems for the modern scientific and technical potential of mankind. All that is needed is a proactive management, ideologically aimed at solving these technical problems in an emergency mode.