scholarly journals Mental Imagery of Free Fall: Does a Falling Apple Accelerate in Our Minds?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Daniel Bratzke ◽  
Rolf Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Gravitational Acceleration ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Height Estimation ◽  
Fall Time ◽  
The Law ◽  
Time Estimation Task

Abstract The present study examined whether people’s mental imagery of falling objects includes the acceleration due to the earth’s gravitational force. To investigate this question, we used two different tasks, a height estimation and a fall-time estimation task. In the height estimation task, participants were presented with different free-fall times and had to indicate the corresponding heights from which the object fell to the ground. In the fall-time estimation task, participants had to produce the fall time associated with free falls from different heights. In contrast to the law of free fall, our results are more consistent with a linear than with an accelerated relationship between height and fall time. Thus, the present results suggest that mental imagery of an object’s free fall does not represent the gravitational acceleration due to gravity.

The effects of sleep loss in a combined tracking and time estimation task

Ergonomics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1021-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARRIE G. M. BOHNEN ◽  
ANTHONY W. K. GAILLARD
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Time Estimation Task

Constraints on gravitational properties of antimatter from cyclotron-frequency measurements

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 1460260
Author(s):  
Michael H. Holzscheiter
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Normal Gravity ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Gravitational Acceleration ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Weak Equivalence Principle ◽  
Normal Matter ◽  
Gravitational Experiment ◽  
Fall Experiment

A fundamental question in physics that has yet to be addressed experimentally is whether particles of antimatter, such as the antiproton or positron, obey the weak equivalence principle (WEP). Several theoretical arguments have been put forward arguing limits for possible violations of WEP. No direct `classical' gravitational experiment, the measurement of the free fall of an antiparticle, has been performed to date to determine if a particle of antimatter would experience a force in the gravitational potential of a normal matter body that is different from normal gravity. 30 years ago we proposed a free fall experiment using protons and antiprotons, modeled after the experiment to measure the gravitational acceleration of a free electron. At that time we gave consideration to yet another possible observation of gravitational differences between matter and antimatter based on the gravitational red shift of clocks. I will recall the original arguments and make a number of comments pertaining to the technical problems and other issues that prevented the execution of the antiproton free fall measurement. Note that a different gravitational force on antimatter in the gravitational field of matter would not constitute a violation of CPT, as this is only concerned with the gravitational acceleration of antimatter in the gravitational field of an antimatter body.

Activation of insular cortex and subcortical regions related to feedback stimuli in a time estimation task: An fMRI study

2006 ◽  
Vol 399 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuji Tsukamoto ◽  
Yasunori Kotani ◽  
Yoshimi Ohgami ◽  
Kazufumi Omura ◽  
Yusuke Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
Time Estimation Task

Development of Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (Peter): Time Estimation

1980 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 655-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Mc Cauley ◽  
Robert S. Kennedy ◽  
Alvah C. Bittner
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Variable Error ◽  
Time Estimation Task

A time-estimation task was considered for inclusion in the Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER) battery. As part of this consideration, the effects of repeated testing on the reliability of time judgments were studied. The method of production was used to estimate eight time intervals. Five trials per day at each interval were administered individually to each of 19 subjects for 15 consecutive workdays. Two scores, constant error and variable error, were reported. The effect of days was not significant for constant error and was moderate for variable error ( p < .04). The standard deviations were relatively stable across trials. A pronounced decline in reliability over repeated days of testing was found for both errors. It was concluded that this time-estimation test would be a poor candidate for inclusion in PETER, but further research is warranted because of the potential unique contribution of a time-estimation task in a performance test battery.

The Devil You Know

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 962-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob B. Hirsh ◽  
Michael Inzlicht
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Time Estimation Task ◽  
The Devil

Individuals differ in the extent to which they respond negatively to uncertainty. Although some individuals feel little discomfort when facing the unknown, those high in neuroticism find it aversive. We examined neurophysiological responses to uncertainty using an event-related potential framework. Participants completed a time-estimation task while their neural activity was recorded via electroencephalography. The feedbackrelated negativity (FRN), an evoked potential that peaks approximately 250 ms after the receipt of feedback information, was examined under conditions of positive, negative, and uncertain feedback. The magnitude of these responses was then analyzed in relation to individual differences in neuroticism. As expected, a larger FRN was observed after negative feedback than after positive feedback for all participants. For individuals who scored highly on trait neuroticism, however, uncertain feedback produced a larger neural response than did negative feedback. These results are discussed in terms of affective responses to uncertainty among neurotic individuals.

A common processing system for duration, order and spatial information: evidence from a time estimation task

2008 ◽  
Vol 187 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Conson ◽  
Fausta Cinque ◽  
Anna Maria Barbarulo ◽  
Luigi Trojano
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Time Estimation Task

Development of Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER): Time Estimation Test

1979 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 513-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. McCauley ◽  
Robert S. Kennedy ◽  
Alvah C. Bittner
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
Time Estimation Task ◽  
Repeated Test

A time estimation task was considered for inclusion in the Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER) battery. As part of this consideration the effects of repeated testing on the reliability of time judgments, using the method of production, was studied. Forty trials per day were administered individually to each of 19 subjects for 15 consecutive weekdays. Descriptive statistics are reported and the need for knowledge about the reliability coefficient over repeated test administrations in the context of performance testing in exotic environments is discussed.

Cardiac and Electrophysiological Responses to Valid and Invalid Feedback in a Time-Estimation Task

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Mies ◽  
F. M. Van der Veen ◽  
J. H. M. Tulen ◽  
M. W. Hengeveld ◽  
M. W. Van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Electrophysiological Responses ◽  
Cardiac Slowing ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Time Estimation Task

This study investigated the cardiac and electrophysiological responses to feedback in a time-estimation task in which feedback-validity was manipulated. Participants across a wide age range had to produce 1 s intervals followed by positive and negative feedback that was valid or invalid (i.e., related or unrelated to the preceding time estimate). Performance results showed that they processed the information provided by the feedback. Negative feedback was associated with a transient cardiac slowing only when feedback was valid. Correct adjustments after valid negative feedback were associated with a more pronounced cardiac slowing. Validity did not affect the feedback-related negativity (FRN), except when remedial action was taken into account. The FRN and cardiac response to feedback decreased with advancing age, but performance did not. The current pattern of findings was interpreted to suggest that the FRN and cardiac response signal “alert” and that the cardiac response, but not the FRN, is implicated in the mechanisms invoked in remedial action.

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