Before and after the “Happy Revolution”: Langsdorff, the Berlin Debate on the New World, and Its Impact on Scientific Expeditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-108
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Before And After

Muslim Trade and City Growth Before the Nineteenth Century: Comparative Urbanization in Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Blaydes ◽  
Christopher Paik
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
New World ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Alternative Routes

AbstractScholars have long sought to understand when and why the Middle East fell behind Europe in its economic development. This article explores the importance of historical Muslim trade in explaining urban growth and decline in the run-up to the Industrial Revolution. The authors examine Eurasian urbanization patterns as a function of distance to Middle Eastern trade routes before and after 1500 CE – the turning point in European breakthroughs in seafaring, trade and exploration. The results suggest that proximity to historical Muslim trade routes was positively associated with urbanization in 1200 but not in 1800. These findings speak to why Middle Eastern and Central Asian cities – which had long benefited from their central location between Europe and Asia – declined as Europeans found alternative routes to the East and opened trade opportunities in the New World.

Vocation and Enclosure in Colonial Nuns’ Spiritual Autobiographies

Renascence ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-172
Author(s):  
Teresa Hanckock-Parmer ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Spiritual Meaning ◽  
Redemptive Suffering ◽  
Spiritual Autobiographies ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Religious Meaning ◽  
Maria De San Jose

This article examines the discourse of enclosure utilized by Maria de San Jose (1656-1719, Puebla), Jeronima Nava y Saavedra (1669-1727, Bogota), and Francisca Josefa de Castillo (1671-1742, Tunja, Colombia) in their spiritual autobiographies. Despite dissimilar personal vocation narratives, these Hispanic nuns embraced enclosure as a tool of continuing spiritual advancement, both before and after actual profession of monastic vows. They portrayed the cloister simultaneously as connubial bedchamber and isolated hermitage, thus ascribing Baroque religious meaning to ancient anchoritic models through intersecting discourses of desert solitude, redemptive suffering, Eucharistic devotion, and nuptial mysticism. To attain ideal enclosure for self and others, these nuns advocated for reform in New World convents, which often reproduced worldly hierarchies, conflicts, and values. Enclosure, more than a symbolic vow or ecclesiastical mandate, constituted a formative practice that fostered correct action and attitude in nuns’ lives; these women conscientiously sought a cloistered life through which they cultivated holiness and created new spiritual meaning.

scholarly journals Gundala and Gatotkaca in the concept of modern Indonesian superheroes: Comparative analysis of the Indonesian and American superheroes

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Deswandito Dwi Saptanto ◽  
Maya Kurnia Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
New World ◽  
Film Industry ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Special Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Marvel Cinematic Universe ◽  
Alter Ego ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Complete Concept

The superhero universe has always been an attraction in the world of film industry. The birth of superhuman ideas has made people increasingly interested in taking the storyline. This research is a literature study on the existence of a new world in Indonesian cinema that takes the theme of Indonesia's superhero universe competes against the universe of American superheroes. The purpose of this study is to compare Indonesian and American superhero films in order to understand the complete concept of depicting Indonesian superheroes in the process of switching from comics to films comparing with the same concepts in American superheroes. This study employed a descriptive qualitative method by comparing films from the Indonesian superhero universe namely Bumilangit Cinematic Universe and Jagad Satria Dewa Cinematic Universe compared to the American superhero universe namely Marvel Cinematic Universe and DC Cinematic Universe. The results obtained that there were some similarities in the process of character formation in each of the heroes that were created, this could be described with similarity in multiple personalities before and after becoming superheroes, costumes worn, storylines and special effects produced in the film. There were fundamental differences that were seen in the background of Indonesian culture that was different from the concept of American culture. Indonesian superheroes also highlighted Pencak Silat as the original identity and characteristics of Indonesia. This research concluded that a story with a superhero concept had the same story pattern such as a person with a superhero alter ego and deep with heroic storyline even though they were presented by different countries.

The Archive of Fear

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Zwarg
Keyword(s):  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
New World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Trauma Theory ◽  
Du Bois ◽  
Saint Domingue ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Haitian Revolution

Not about Haiti but about the haunting power of its revolution, The Archive of Fear explores the traumatic force field that continued to inflect U.S. discussions of slavery and abolition both before and after the Civil War, sometimes with surprising intensity and endurance. Focusing on U.S. slavery and its aftermath in the nineteenth century, it challenges the long-assumed distinction between psychological and cultural-historical theories of trauma, discovering a virtual dialogue between three central U.S. writers and Sigmund Freud concerning the traumatic response of slavery’s perpetrators. To do so, it shows how trauma theory before Freud first involves a return to an overlap between crisis, insurrection, and mesmerism found in the work of Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and W. E. B. Du Bois. Mesmer’s “crisis state” has long been read as the precursor to hypnosis, the tool Freud famously rejected when he created psychoanalysis. But the story of what was lost to trauma theory when Freud adopted the “talk cure” can be told through cultural disruptions of New World slavery, especially after mesmerism arrived in Saint Domingue where its implication in the Haitian revolution in both reality and fantasy had an impact on the history of emancipation in the United States. The Archive of Fear argues that a strain of trauma theory and practice comes alive in the temporal and spatial disruptions of New World slavery—and that key elements of that theory still inform the infrastructure of race relations today. Reviewing trauma theory through its pre-Freudian roots—especially as the alarm of slavery’s perpetrators relates to the temporal patterns of Mesmer’s “crisis state”—widens our sense of the affective atmospheres through which emancipation had to be sought. And it illuminates the fugitive approach Douglass, Stowe, and Du Bois devised to confront and defuse the archive of fear still blocking full emancipation today.

The American Divergence, the Modern Western World and the Paradigmatisation of History

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurea Mota
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
American Exceptionalism ◽  
Manifest Destiny ◽  
Western World ◽  
Geographical Separation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

This chapter reconstructs the conceptual, rather than geographical, separation of ‘the Americas’ into a North America and a South America with distinct sociopolitical connotations. More specifically, it examines what it calls the paradigmatisation of history and the emergence of the modern Western world, along with some aspects of what was regarded as America, the ‘New World’, before and after the modern ruptures that occurred in the liminal ‘age of revolutions’. It also discusses what became known as the ‘American Revolution’ with its notions of ‘manifest destiny’ and ‘American exceptionalism’. The chapter argues that what used to be understood as the New World went through a process of divergence during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and that this divergence was appropriated by instituting different significant categories by the narratives of the enlargement of the modern Western world in the twentieth century.

Open Field or Enclosure? Peasants, Planters’ Agents and Lawyers in Jamaica, 1866–1875

Rural History ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-59
Author(s):  
Simon Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Open Field ◽  
New World ◽  
Plantation Economy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Part Time ◽  
English Law ◽  
Morant Bay Rebellion

AbstractThe fencing of boundaries so as to confine or exclude cattle was a major preoccupation in the most densely populated parishes of Jamaica in the mid nineteenth century. Part-time labourers (who constituted a new semi-peasantry) were being settled on the fringes of the old estates in increasing numbers, having been granted licenses or pretended leases for land on which they grew their crops. The same ‘attorneys’ who managed the older declining plantations where such squatting was arranged also tended to be introducing cattle in place of sugar and they wished to shift the costs of fencing onto their small ‘peasant’ occupiers. However, English law, which imposed an obligation to fence in cattle, initially assisted the peasantry. The attorneys therefore looked to New World models that would require those growing crops to fence out animals. This article examines actions in court and the agitation in more detail so as to suggest that fencing was a major source of inter-racial friction in the period before and after the Morant Bay rebellion, but with the outcome strongly favouring a late-century resurgence in the plantation economy.

Paradise and Perdition: Jesuit Visions of Santiago, Chile, before and after the Earthquake of 1647

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-618
Author(s):  
Catherine Burdick
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
New World ◽  
Colonial Latin America ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Religious Dimensions

Abstract This study inserts Santiago, Chile, into contemporary discussions of colonial Latin America by reading two Jesuit documents—a map and a letter—created prior to and following the devastating earthquake of 1647, respectively. Alonso de Ovalle's Prospectiva y planta de la ciudad de Santiago (1646) presents an urban paradise in accordance with Spanish and Catholic ideals, a New World Jerusalem. This depiction is juxtaposed with a letter by Juan González Chaparro that describes postearthquake Santiago as “ruined at the powerful hand of the Almighty.” Focusing on the 1647 earthquake's religious dimensions and perceived causes, the study concludes that the religious authorities of Santiago stand out in the colonial Spanish Americas for assigning fault for such a disaster to their city's elites rather than to its underclasses.

scholarly journals To the New World and Back Again: Return Migrants in the Age of Mass Migration

ILR Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Abramitzky ◽  
Leah Boustan ◽  
Katherine Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
New World ◽  
Large Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Large Data Sets ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Return Migrants ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Before And After

The authors compile large data sets from Norwegian and US historical censuses to study return migration during the Age of Mass Migration (1850–1913). Norwegian immigrants who returned to Norway held lower-paid occupations than did Norwegian immigrants who stayed in the United States, both before and after their first transatlantic migration, suggesting they were negatively selected from the migrant pool. Upon returning to Norway, return migrants held higher-paid occupations relative to Norwegians who never moved, despite hailing from poorer backgrounds. These patterns suggest that despite being negatively selected, return migrants had been able to accumulate savings and could improve their economic circumstances once they returned home.

Phylogenetic analysis of Western Atlantic Bathygobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3042 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUKE TORNABENE ◽  
FRANK PEZOLD
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Recombination Activating Gene

The phylogenetic relationships of the Western Atlantic species of Bathygobius are inferred from DNA sequence data from two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b, cytochrome c oxidase-I) and one nuclear gene (Recombination Activating Gene I). The phylogeny inferred from the concatenated dataset of the three genes uncovered the following major findings: (i) the Western Atlantic species of Bathygobius as a whole are not monophyletic; (ii) a well-supported monophyletic group containing B. soporator, B. lacertus and the Eastern Pacific B. andrei was recovered (termed the B. soporator group); (iii) a well-supported monophyletic group was recovered that contains B. curacao, the Eastern Pacific B. ramosus and B. lineatus, and B. antilliensis (termed the B. antilliensis group); (iv) the relationships between the several lineages of new world Bathygobius and some species of old world Bathygobius could not be resolved, and monophyly of a clade of all new world species could not be determined. The evolutionary history of the Western Atlantic species involves periods of diversification that occurred both before and after the closure of the Isthmus of Panama.

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