The orientation disparity field accounts for a slant by tilt anisotropy

Abstract Background Despite increasing legal protections and supportive attitudes toward sexual minorities (e.g., those who identify as lesbian, gay, and bisexual [LGB]) in recent decades, suicidality remains more common among this population than among heterosexuals. While barriers to societal integration have been widely theorized as determinants of suicidality for the general population, they have not been comprehensively explored to explain the sexual orientation disparity in suicidality and/or compared to more established contributors. Methods Data come from the cross-sectional Swedish National Public Health Survey, which randomly collected data from individuals (16-84 years of age) annually from 2010 to 2015 (1,281 (2.2%) self-identified as LGB). Analyses examined sexual orientation differences in suicidality (i.e., past-12-month ideation and attempts), and explored the role of barriers to societal integration (i.e., not living with a partner or children, unemployment, and lack of societal trust) in explaining this disparity over-and-above more commonly explored psychological (e.g., depression, substance use) and interpersonal (e.g., discrimination, victimization, lack of social support) suicidality risk factors. Results Compared to heterosexuals, suicidal ideation and attempts were more common among both gay men/lesbians (AORideation: 2.51; AORattempts: 4.66), and bisexuals (AORideation: 3.76; AORattempts: 6.06). Barriers to societal integration mediated the association between sexual orientation and suicidality even in models adjusting for established risk factors for suicidality. Conclusions The disproportionate barriers to societal integration that LGB individuals experience seem important contributors to the elevated risk of suicidality among sexual minorities. Preventive interventions should consider innovative ways to foster societal integration within sexual minority populations and to adjust hetero-centric social institutions to better include sexual minorities.

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Sensory and non-sensory visual disorders in man and monkey

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.1982.0068 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 298 (1089) ◽

pp. 3-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Cortex ◽

Sensory Analysis ◽

Receptive Fields ◽

Visual Feature ◽

Cerebral Damage ◽

Visual Agnosia ◽

Sensory Impairments ◽

Visual Areas ◽

Visual Disorders ◽

Orientation Disparity

The posterior third of the cerebral cortex in monkeys consists of a patchwork of visual areas in each of which there is a ‘map’ of the retina. The details of the ‘map’ vary considerably from one area to another and one notable variation concerns the optimal visual feature to which the cells respond. Orientation, disparity, colour and movement are emphasized in separate areas that appear to be concerned with sensory analysis. Their existence and the possibility that brain damage is occasionally restricted chiefly to one such area may explain the rare highly selective visual sensory impairments that can follow posterior cerebral damage in man. Other areas are notable for having little or no retinotopic representation. Here the cells may have huge receptive fields and complex trigger features. When such regions are removed, the animal’s visual sensory abilities are intact but its recognition of patterns and objects is not. This condition resembles human visual agnosia.

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Psychophysical evidence against the use of orientation disparity in the perception of slant.

Journal of Vision ◽

10.1167/1.3.172 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 172-172

Author(s):

H. Bridge ◽

B. Cumming ◽

A. Parker

Keyword(s):

Orientation Disparity

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Discrimination of orientation and position disparities by binocularly activated neurons in cat striate cortex

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1977.40.6.1443-r ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 1443-1443 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. I. Nelson ◽

H. Kato ◽

P. O. Bishop

Keyword(s):

Striate Cortex ◽

Tuning Curve ◽

Stimulus Orientation ◽

Complex Cell ◽

Tuning Curves ◽

The Right ◽

Cat Striate Cortex ◽

Orientation Disparity

Page 275: J. I. Nelson, H. Kato, and P. O. Bishop, “Discrimination of orientation and position disparities by binocularly activated neurons in cat striate cortex.” The legend to the figure at the bottom of page 325 should read: fig 9. Matrix stimulation experiment for a complex cell. The 17 position disparity tuning curves, separated from each other by orientation disparity increments of 7°, span an orientation range of 112°. Each position disparity tuning curve has six increments of 24' arc disparity spanning 2.4°. The stimulus orientation disparities were obtained by keeping the stimulus orientation for the left eye fixed at 112° and varying the orientation for the right eye. Monocular controls (open circles, filled triangles, and short continuous lines) same as for Fig. 8.

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Area 21a in the cat and the detection of binocular orientation disparity

Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics ◽

10.1016/0275-5408(92)90086-c ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 99-100

Author(s):

E Wieniawa-Narkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Area 21A ◽

Orientation Disparity

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Mental-Rotation Effect: A Function of Elementary Stimulus Discriminability?

Perception ◽

10.1068/p251301 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 25 (11) ◽

pp. 1301-1316 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Bettina Förster ◽

Ralf-Peter Gebhardt ◽

Karen Lindlar ◽

Martina Siemann ◽

Juan D Delius

Keyword(s):

Mental Rotation ◽

Mirror Image ◽

Rotation Effect ◽

Special Effects ◽

Complex Stimuli ◽

Complex Shapes ◽

Decision Speed ◽

Special Case ◽

Orientation Invariance ◽

Orientation Disparity

It is well known that when humans have to decide whether two differently oriented shapes are identical or mirror images their performance deteriorates as a function of the orientation disparity (mental-rotation effect). Here it is shown that the effect can also be obtained reliably with non-mirror-image, arbitrarily different polygons provided they are previously selected to be hard to discriminate. The slope of the decision speed versus orientation disparity functions was found to be inversely related to the discriminability of shapes under conditions of no, ie 0°, orientation disparity. Easily discriminable polygon pairs yielded essentially flat, no-effect functions. The arbitrary polygons that were more difficult to discriminate produced a rotation effect that was similar to those of mirror-image polygon pairs. Mirror images in this context may only be a special case of hard-to-discriminate stimuli. We also show that the speed of judging whether simple lines were of the same or different length was similarly subject to a rotation effect provided that the length differences were sufficiently small, ie when their baseline dicriminability was poor enough. It is suggested that the mental rotation of complex shapes (eg polygons) may build on rotation effects pertaining to the simpler elements of which they are composed. Further, some special effects associated with the rotation of such simpler components may explain certain peculiarities apparent in orientation invariance functions obtained with complex stimuli.

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The Sizable Difficulty in Recognizing Unfamiliar Faces Differing Only Moderately in Orientation in Depth is a Function of Image Dissimilarity

10.31234/osf.io/48k5q ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Catrina Hacker ◽

Irving Biederman ◽

Tianyi Zhu ◽

Miles Nelken ◽

Emily X. Meschke

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Simple Cell ◽

Match To Sample ◽

Two Measures ◽

Matching Performance ◽

Face Similarity ◽

Lower Test ◽

Unfamiliar Faces ◽

Orientation Disparity ◽

Selection Of

Attempting to match unfamiliar faces at moderate differences in orientation in depth is surprisingly difficult. No general account of these costs has been offered. We assessed the effects of orientation disparity in a match-to-sample paradigm of a triangular display of three faces. Two lower test faces, a matching face and a foil, were always at the same orientation and differed by 0° to 20° from the sample on top. The similarity of the images was scaled by a model based on simple cell tuning that correlates almost perfectly with psychophysical similarity. Two measures of face similarity accounted for matching performance: a) the decrease in similarity between the images of the matching and sample faces produced by increases in their orientation disparity, and b) the similarity between the matching face and the selection of a particular foil. The two images of the same face at a 20° difference in orientation revealed a previously unappreciated marked increase in dissimilarity that was so high that it could be equivalent to the image dissimilarity between two faces at the same orientation, but differing in race, sex, and expression. The 20° orientation disparity was thus sufficient to yield a sizeable 301 msec increase in reaction time.

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