Post-error slowing reflects the joint impact of adaptive and maladaptive processes during decision making

Errors and their consequences are typically studied by investigating changes in decision speed and accuracy in trials that follow an error, commonly referred to as "post-error adjustments". Many studies have reported that subjects slow down following an error, a phenomenon called "post-error slowing" (PES). However, the functional significance of PES is still a matter of debate as it is not always adaptive. That is, it is not always associated with a gain in performance and can even occur with a decline in accuracy. Here, we hypothesized that the nature of PES is influenced by one's speed-accuracy tradeoff policy, which determines the overall level of choice accuracy in the task at hand. To test this hypothesis, we investigated post-error adjustments in subjects performing the same task while they were required to either emphasize speed (low accuracy) or cautiousness (high accuracy) in two distinct contexts (hasty and cautious contexts, respectively) experienced on separate days. Accordingly, our data indicate that post-error adjustments varied according to the context in which subjects performed the task, with PES being solely significant in the hasty context. In addition, we only observed a gain in performance after errors in a specific trial type, suggesting that post-error adjustments depend on a complex combination of processes that affect the speed of ensuing actions as well as the degree to which such PES comes with a gain in performance.

Speed-accuracy tradeoffs in decision making: Perception shifts and goal activation bias decision thresholds

A fundamental aspect of decision making is the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT): slower decisions tend to be more accurate, but since time is a scarce resource people prefer to conclude decisions more quickly. The current research adds to the SAT literature by documenting two previously unrecognized influences on the SAT: perception shifts and goal activation. Decision makers' perceptions of what constitutes a fast or a slow decision, and what constitutes an accurate or inaccurate decision, are based on prior experience, and these perceptions influence decision speed. Similarly, previous experience in a decision context associates the context with a particular decision goal. Thus, in later decisions the decision context will activate this goal, and thereby influence decision speed. Both of these mechanisms contribute to a specific decision bias: decision speeds are biased toward original decision speeds in a decision context. Four experiments provide evidence for the bias and the two contributing mechanisms.

A corticothalamic circuit trades off speed for safety during decision-making under motivational conflict

Decisions to act while pursuing goals in the presence of danger must be made quickly but safely. Premature decisions risk injury or death whereas postponing decisions risk goal loss. Here we show how mice resolve these competing demands. Using microstructural behavioral analyses, we identified the spatiotemporal dynamics of approach-avoidance decisions under motivational conflict. Then we used cognitive modelling to show that these dynamics reflect the speeded decision-making mechanisms used by humans and non-human primates, with mice trading off decision speed for safety of choice when danger loomed. Using calcium imaging and functional circuit analyses, we show that this speed-safety trade off occurs because increases in paraventricular thalamus (PVT) activity increase decision caution, thereby increasing approach-avoid decision times in the presence of danger. Our findings demonstrate that a discrete brain circuit involving the PVT and its prefrontal cortical input dynamically adjusts decision caution during motivational conflict, trading off decision speed for decision safety when danger is close. They identify the corticothalamic pathway as central to cognitive control during decision-making under conflict.

Discrete collective estimation in swarm robotics with distributed Bayesian belief sharing

Multi-option collective decision-making is a challenging task in the context of swarm intelligence. In this paper, we extend the problem of collective perception from simple binary decision-making of choosing the color in majority to estimating the most likely fill ratio from a series of discrete fill ratio hypotheses. We have applied direct comparison (DC) and direct modulation of voter-based decisions (DMVD) to this scenario to observe their performances in a discrete collective estimation problem. We have also compared their performances against an Individual Exploration baseline. Additionally, we propose a novel collective decision-making strategy called distributed Bayesian belief sharing (DBBS) and apply it to the above discrete collective estimation problem. In the experiments, we explore the performances of considered collective decision-making algorithms in various parameter settings to determine the trade-off among accuracy, speed, message transfer and reliability in the decision-making process. Our results show that both DC and DMVD outperform the Individual Exploration baseline, but both algorithms exhibit different trade-offs with respect to accuracy and decision speed. On the other hand, DBBS exceeds the performances of all other considered algorithms in all four metrics, at the cost of higher communication complexity.

Outpacing the pandemic?

Purpose The purpose of the study is to determine which of individual competencies, team collaboration and clarity of roles and tasks assigned predict the decision speed of such task forces and which have the most impact. Design/methodology/approach The study looked at data from six continents and participants were at different organizational levels. Using a vignette methodology the data was examined using a factorial analysis by linear multilevel regression. Findings All of the independent variables contribute to high decision speed. Individual competencies seem to be the most important predictor of performance. Prior crisis management training appears to be associated with higher expectations regarding clarity of tasks and roles. It is possible that competent individuals are effective both independently and when influenced by transformational leaders. Research limitations/implications Limitations: decision speed was measured using only one item, the measurement of decision speed was based on the perceptions of respondents, the snowballing technique gives little control over the representativeness of the sampling. Strengths: the methodology was such as to be able to reach a sample of experts quickly, the rapid implementation of the study contribute to a better understanding of temporary organizations in crisis management. Practical implications The study suggests that selection of task force members is important but also that competent individuals can be effective even when not working in their specialist roles or embedded in clear structures. Team selection is therefore of great importance. Originality/value The simplicity of the design is such as to elicit an adequate response rate from a global sample of professionals even though they were under pressure in managing a crisis. The value of this study is enhanced by the speed at which it was conducted and its results were published.

Cognitive Reserve and Driving-Related Cognitive Abilities in a Sample of Oldest Old Drivers Undergoing Assessment of Fitness to Drive

This study examines the relationship between age, cognitive reserve (CR), and driving-related cognitive abilities in a sample of oldest old drivers undergoing evaluation of fitness to drive. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the associations between age, CR, and performances to a standardized set of cognitive tests assessing fitness to drive. Education and work complexity were used as proxy measures of CR. The results showed both measures of CR, but not age, were significantly associated with higher general intelligence. Education also predicted higher decision speed, and decision speed partly mediated the effect of education on general intelligence. These findings suggest that over age of 80 years old, CR was a better predictor of driving-related cognitive abilities than age. Education was associated with better performance across different cognitive domains including processing speed.

The effect of group size on the speed of decision making depends on compromise and predation risk across populations in the guppy Poecilia reticulata

While larger groups tend to be better at making decisions, very few studies have explored how ecological variables, including predation pressure, shape how group size affects decision making. Our cross-population study of wild-caught guppies (Poecilia reticulata) shows that leading individuals from larger groups made faster decisions when deciding to leave the start area and reach the junction of a Y-maze, which allows for compromise over timing. However, at the junction of the Y when the fish needed to make a mutually exclusive decision that does not allow for compromise, there was no effect of group size in high predation fish on decision speed. In fish from low predation habitats, speed was fastest at the intermediate group size with a decline in speed in the largest group size. These results challenge the view that decision making always improves with group size and shows this effect depends on ecological and decision-making conditions.