scholarly journals Influence of Spatial Resolution on Diurnal Variability during the North American Monsoon

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 3967-3988 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Li ◽  
S. Sorooshian ◽  
W. Higgins ◽  
X. Gao ◽  
B. Imam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Diurnal Cycle ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
The West ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
Sierra Madre Occidental ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Low Level Jet ◽  
Northwestern Mexico

Abstract Diurnal variability is an important yet poorly understood aspect of the warm-season precipitation regime over southwestern North America. In an effort to improve its understanding, diurnal variability is investigated numerically using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University (PSU)–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). The goal herein is to determine the possible influence of spatial resolution on the diurnal cycle. The model is initialized every 48 h using the operational NCEP Eta Model 212 grid (40 km) model analysis. Model simulations are carried out at horizontal resolutions of both 9 and 3 km. Overall, the model reproduces the basic features of the diurnal cycle of rainfall over the core monsoon region of northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States. In particular, the model captures the diurnal amplitude and phase, with heavier rainfall at high elevations along the Sierra Madre Occidental in the early afternoon that shifts to lower elevations along the west slopes in the evening. A comparison to observations (gauge and radar data) shows that the high-resolution (3 km) model generates better rainfall distributions on time scales from monthly to hourly than the coarse-resolution (9 km) model, especially along the west slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental. The model has difficulty with nighttime rainfall along the slopes, over the Gulf of California, and over Arizona. A comparison of surface wind data from three NCAR Integrated Sounding System (ISS) stations and the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) to the model reveals a low bias in the strength of the Gulf of California low-level jet, even at high resolution. The model results indicate that outflow from convection over northwestern Mexico can modulate the low-level jet, though the extent to which these relationships occur in nature was not investigated.

The Diurnal Cycle of Clouds and Precipitation along the Sierra Madre Occidental Observed during NAME-2004: Implications for Warm Season Precipitation Estimation in Complex Terrain

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Nesbitt ◽  
David J. Gochis ◽  
Timothy J. Lang
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Diurnal Cycle ◽  
Complex Terrain ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Sierra Madre Occidental ◽  
Convective Systems ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Precipitation Estimation ◽  
Rainfall Estimates ◽  
Tier I

Abstract This study examines the spatial and temporal variability in the diurnal cycle of clouds and precipitation tied to topography within the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) tier-I domain during the 2004 NAME enhanced observing period (EOP, July–August), with a focus on the implications for high-resolution precipitation estimation within the core of the monsoon. Ground-based precipitation retrievals from the NAME Event Rain Gauge Network (NERN) and Colorado State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (CSU–NCAR) version 2 radar composites over the southern NAME tier-I domain are compared with satellite rainfall estimates from the NOAA Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique (CMORPH) and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) operational and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 research satellite estimates along the western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO). The rainfall estimates are examined alongside hourly images of high-resolution Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 11-μm brightness temperatures. An abrupt shallow to deep convective transition is found over the SMO, with the development of shallow convective systems just before noon on average over the SMO high peaks, with deep convection not developing until after 1500 local time on the SMO western slopes. This transition is shown to be contemporaneous with a relative underestimation (overestimation) of precipitation during the period of shallow (deep) convection from both IR and microwave precipitation algorithms due to changes in the depth and vigor of shallow clouds and mixed-phase cloud depths. This characteristic life cycle in cloud structure and microphysics has important implications for ice-scattering microwave and infrared precipitation estimates, and thus hydrological applications using high-resolution precipitation data, as well as the study of the dynamics of convective systems in complex terrain.

scholarly journals New locality of the endangered Sierra Madre Sparrow (Xenospiza baileyi) from the State of Durango, Mexico, and recommendations for its conservation

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Hugo Martínez-Guerrero ◽  
Jorge Nocedal ◽  
Daniel Sierra-Franco ◽  
Samuel Ignacio Arroyo-Arroyo ◽  
Martín Emilio Pereda-Solís
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Reproductive Season ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Rainfed Agriculture ◽  
Sierra Madre Occidental ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Protection Area ◽  
Northwestern Mexico ◽  
The City ◽  
Special Protection

The Sierra Madre Sparrow (Xenospiza baileyi) is an endemic species of Mexico that is threatened with extinction. Its distribution is reported in two areas: One in the Transvolcanic Belt of central Mexico (La Cima) near Mexico City and the other in the Sierra Madre Occidental in northwestern Mexico (Ejido Ojo de Agua El Cazador) near the city of Durango, in the state of Durango. The habitat is the same in these two areas, and consists of sub-alpine grassland that is located in shallow valleys or shallows. In our case, "El Bajío la Cantera" of approximately 55 hectares, is mostly used in rainfed agriculture, protected from livestock grazing with wire fences, which in turn represents protection for remnants of grassland where they are the birds. “El Bajío la Cantera" belongs to Ejido 12 de Mayo, Municipality of San Dimas, Durango, where 28 males were detected singing along a 500 meter transect. This finding represents the population of the healthiest Sierra Madre Sparrow currently known, so it would be necessary to document their population trend over time. This information can help to evaluate and propose the creation of a special protection area for the species that involves joint government actions and ejidatarios tending to conserve the habitat during the reproductive season in order to increase and / or maintain the size of the population.

Emplacement dynamics and hydrothermal alteration of the Atengo ignimbrite, southern Sierra Madre Occidental, northwestern Mexico

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 559-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amar Agarwal ◽  
L.M. Alva-Valdivia ◽  
M.L. Rivas-Sánchez ◽  
E. Herrero-Bervera ◽  
J. Urrutia-Fucugauchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Alteration ◽  
Sierra Madre Occidental ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Northwestern Mexico

scholarly journals Two new species of the genus Indigofera (Papilionoideae, Leguminosae) from central Mexico

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 372 (4) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
JERZY RZEDOWSKI ◽  
ROSAURA GRETHER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Species ◽  
Volcanic Belt ◽  
Central Mexico ◽  
Southwestern United States ◽  
Sierra Madre Occidental ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Northwestern Mexico

Two new species of Indigofera from central Mexico are described and illustrated. Indigofera sousae, from northwestern Michoacán, is related to I. constricta known in the Mexican states of Sinaloa to Guerrero. Indigofera uniseminalis, from northeastern Guanajuato, is similar to I. sphaerocarpa, reported from southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, and to I. jaliscensis, of the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Transmexican Volcanic Belt.

scholarly journals Amphibians and reptiles of Yécora, Sonora and the Madrean Tropical Zone of the Sierra Madre Occidental in northwestern Mexico

Check List ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 913-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik F. Enderson ◽  
Thomas R. Van Devender ◽  
Robert L. Bezy
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Zone ◽  
Sierra Madre Occidental ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Northwestern Mexico

Mapping and Monitoring of the Land Use/Cover Changes in the Wider Area of ltanos, Crete, Using Very High Resolution EO Imagery With Specific Interest in Archaeological Sites

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sawyer Reid stippa ◽  
George Petropoulos ◽  
Leonidas Toulios ◽  
Prashant K. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Digital Photography ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Large Area ◽  
High Resolution Imagery ◽  
Site Mapping ◽  
Rule Sets

Archaeological site mapping is important for both understanding the history as well as protecting them from excavation during the developmental activities. As archaeological sites generally spread over a large area, use of high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery is becoming increasingly applicable in the world. The main objective of this study was to map the land cover of the Itanos area of Crete and of its changes, with specific focus on the detection of the landscape’s archaeological features. Six satellite images were acquired from the Pleiades and WorldView-2 satellites over a period of 3 years. In addition, digital photography of two known archaeological sites was used for validation. An Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) classification was subsequently developed using the five acquired satellite images. Two rule-sets were created, one using the standard four bands which both satellites have and another for the two WorldView-2 images their four extra bands included. Validation of the thematic maps produced from the classification scenarios confirmed a difference in accuracy amongst the five images. Comparing the results of a 4-band rule-set versus the 8-band showed a slight increase in classification accuracy using extra bands. The resultant classifications showed a good level of accuracy exceeding 70%. Yet, separating the archaeological sites from the open spaces with little or no vegetation proved challenging. This was mainly due to the high spectral similarity between rocks and the archaeological ruins. The satellite data spatial resolution allowed for the accuracy in defining larger archaeological sites, but still was a difficulty in distinguishing smaller areas of interest. The digital photography data provided a very good 3D representation for the archaeological sites, assisting as well in validating the satellite-derived classification maps. All in all, our study provided further evidence that use of high resolution imagery may allow for archaeological sites to be located, but only where they are of a suitable size archaeological features.

High Resolution Current Imaging by Direct Magnetic Field Sensing

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.I. Woods ◽  
Nesco M. Lettsome ◽  
A.B. Cawthorne ◽  
L.A. Knauss ◽  
R.H. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Magnetoresistive Sensor ◽  
Magnetic Sensitivity ◽  
Current Lines ◽  
Scanning Squid ◽  
Scanning Fiber ◽  
Ferromagnetic Probe

Abstract Two types of magnetic microscopes have been investigated for use in high resolution current mapping. The scanning fiber/SQUID microscope uses a SQUID sensor coupled to a nanoscale ferromagnetic probe, and the GMR microscope employs a nanoscale giant magnetoresistive sensor. Initial scans demonstrate that these microscopes can resolve current lines less than 10 µm apart with edge resolution of 1 µm. These types of microscopes are compared with the performance of a standard scanning SQUID microscope and with each other with respect to spatial resolution and magnetic sensitivity. Both microscopes show great promise for identifying current defects in die level devices.

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