The Police-Based Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Model: II. Effects on Level of Force and Resolution, Referral, and Arrest

Abstract Background The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model is a law enforcement strategy that aims to build alliances between the law enforcement and mental health communities. Despite its success in the United States, CIT has not been used in low- and middle-income countries. This study assesses the immediate and 9-month outcomes of CIT training on trainee knowledge and attitudes. Methods Twenty-two CIT trainees (14 law enforcement officers and eight mental health clinicians) were evaluated using pre-developed measures assessing knowledge and attitudes related to mental illness. Evaluations were conducted prior to, immediately after, and 9 months post training. Results The CIT training produced improvements both immediately and 9 months post training in knowledge and attitudes, suggesting that CIT can benefit law enforcement officers even in extremely low-resource settings with limited specialized mental health service infrastructure. Conclusion These findings support further exploration of the benefits of CIT in highly under-resourced settings.

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The Use of the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Model for Corrections Officers: Reducing Incidents within a County Jail

The Prison Journal ◽

10.1177/0032885520956334 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 100 (5) ◽

pp. 581-602

Author(s):

Erin B. Comartin ◽

Kendra Wells ◽

Alana Zacharias ◽

Sheryl Kubiak

Keyword(s):

Crisis Intervention ◽

Crisis Intervention Team ◽

Corrections Officers ◽

Abrupt Decrease ◽

Intervention Team ◽

Specialized Unit ◽

Cit Model ◽

The Impact ◽

Team Model

This study presents an adaptation of the Crisis Intervention Team Model (CIT) to a jail setting. Pre-post surveys and interviews assessed changes in corrections officers’ (CO) knowledge of and attitudes toward mental health. Cell Removal Team (CRT) services assessed the impact of CIT on the use of this specialized unit. Results indicate positive changes in CO attitudes, increased de-escalation skills, and an abrupt decrease in the level of CRT usage, with results sustained in the 8-month follow-up period.

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System- and Policy-Level Challenges to Full Implementation of the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Model

Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations ◽

10.1080/15332581003757347 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (1-2) ◽

pp. 72-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Michael T. Compton ◽

Beth Broussard ◽

Dana Hankerson-Dyson ◽

Shaily Krishan ◽

Tarianna Stewart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crisis Intervention ◽

Crisis Intervention Team ◽

Full Implementation ◽

Policy Level ◽

Intervention Team ◽

Cit Model

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Adapting the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Model of Police–Mental Health Collaboration in a Low-Income, Post-Conflict Country: Curriculum Development in Liberia, West Africa

American Journal of Public Health ◽

10.2105/ajph.2014.302394 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 105 (3) ◽

pp. e73-e80 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Brandon A. Kohrt ◽

Elise Blasingame ◽

Michael T. Compton ◽

Samuel F. Dakana ◽

Benedict Dossen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Curriculum Development ◽

West Africa ◽

Crisis Intervention ◽

Low Income ◽

Crisis Intervention Team ◽

Post Conflict ◽

Intervention Team ◽

Cit Model

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The Police-Based Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Model: I. Effects on Officers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Skills

Psychiatric Services ◽

10.1176/appi.ps.201300107 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 65 (4) ◽

pp. 517-522 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Michael T. Compton ◽

Roger Bakeman ◽

Beth Broussard ◽

Dana Hankerson-Dyson ◽

Letheshia Husbands ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crisis Intervention ◽

Crisis Intervention Team ◽

Intervention Team ◽

Cit Model

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Impact of Crisis Intervention Team Training on Correctional Officers' Perceptions of Stress

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e568502014-001 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Abigail S. Tucker ◽

Vincent B. Van Hasselt ◽

Elizabeth A. Palmer ◽

Tiffany Maple

Keyword(s):

Crisis Intervention ◽

Correctional Officers ◽

Team Training ◽

Crisis Intervention Team ◽

Intervention Team

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Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Training: Selection Effects and Long-Term Changes in Perceptions of Mental Illness and Community Preparedness

Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations ◽

10.1080/15332581003756992 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (1-2) ◽

pp. 133-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Christian Ritter ◽

Jennifer L.S. Teller ◽

Mark R. Munetz ◽

Natalie Bonfine

Keyword(s):

Mental Illness ◽

Crisis Intervention ◽

Selection Effects ◽

Crisis Intervention Team ◽

Long Term Changes ◽

Community Preparedness ◽

Intervention Team

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Crisis Intervention Team Training and the Protection Motivation Theory

Journal of Social Change ◽

10.5590/josc.2018.10.1.08 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Monique Allen ◽

Greg Campbell

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Crisis Intervention ◽

Police Officers ◽

Lived Experiences ◽

Protection Motivation Theory ◽

Mental Illnesses ◽

Protection Motivation ◽

Motivation Theory ◽

Crisis Intervention Team ◽

Intervention Team

The problem addressed in this phenomenological study was the lack of documentation that supported the lived experiences of crisis intervention team (CIT)-trained police officers related to their field encounters with persons with mental illnesses. The purpose of the study was to explore the lived experiences of officers among CIT-trained police officers to address the problem. The protection motivation theory was aligned closest with the teachings of CIT training as described by the study participants’ lived experiences. Participants provided the study’s collected data, which was composed of completed questionnaires and transcribed interviews. The empirical theoretical framework method of analysis used was a combination of inductive coding and theme analysis that established the results of this study. Key findings of the study identified a significant amount of frustration expressed in the lived experiences of the CIT-trained police officers. Frustration was experienced by officers who applied the protection motivation theory to ensure the well-being of persons experiencing a mental crisis. There was considerable pushback from the public mental health facilities, which added to the frustration experienced by CIT-trained police officers who attempted to navigate treatment with the limited resources available to help persons in mental crisis. The positive social change produced from this study included recommendations to police leadership and mental health advocates to encourage certain CIT-training-related practices that directly impact CIT field encounters with persons in mental crises. Specialized training may promote improved departmental outcomes such as sustainability of gains for those in crises and enable police officer accountability and reliability.

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