scholarly journals Automation Expectation Mismatch: Incorrect Prediction Despite Eyes on Threat and Hands on Wheel

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1095-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trent W. Victor ◽  
Emma Tivesten ◽  
Pär Gustavsson ◽  
Joel Johansson ◽  
Fredrik Sangberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Assistance System ◽  
Test Track ◽  
Incorrect Prediction ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Conflict Intervention ◽  
Lead Vehicle ◽  
Cognitive Understanding

Objective: The aim of this study was to understand how to secure driver supervision engagement and conflict intervention performance while using highly reliable (but not perfect) automation. Background: Securing driver engagement—by mitigating irony of automation (i.e., the better the automation, the less attention drivers will pay to traffic and the system, and the less capable they will be to resume control) and by communicating system limitations to avoid mental model misconceptions—is a major challenge in the human factors literature. Method: One hundred six drivers participated in three test-track experiments in which we studied driver intervention response to conflicts after driving highly reliable but supervised automation. After 30 min, a conflict occurred wherein the lead vehicle cut out of lane to reveal a conflict object in the form of either a stationary car or a garbage bag. Results: Supervision reminders effectively maintained drivers’ eyes on path and hands on wheel. However, neither these reminders nor explicit instructions on system limitations and supervision responsibilities prevented 28% (21/76) of drivers from crashing with their eyes on the conflict object (car or bag). Conclusion: The results uncover the important role of expectation mismatches, showing that a key component of driver engagement is cognitive (understanding the need for action), rather than purely visual (looking at the threat), or having hands on wheel. Application: Automation needs to be designed either so that it does not rely on the driver or so that the driver unmistakably understands that it is an assistance system that needs an active driver to lead and share control.

Teaching Undergraduate Human Factors: The Need, Activities, and Benefits

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy J. Stone ◽  
William F. Moroney
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Hands On

In this article, we outline the need for and role of undergraduate human factors education, describe several activities for teaching human factors, and identify the benefits associated with offering the course. The results of a survey of psychology undergraduates (N = 111) revealed that they were unfamiliar with, yet interested in, human factors issues. A human factors course can inform students about the profession, meet their interests, and provide a variety of useful skills. We present 6 successful hands-on activities for teaching about human factors. Students reported that they enjoyed these activities and gained a greater understanding of the principles. Students also noted that the course increased their knowledge about the profession and provided new perspectives for examining systems and applying the principles.

Asiana Airlines Flight 214

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Chow ◽  
Stephen Yortsos ◽  
Najmedin Meshkati
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Aviation Safety ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Flight Crew ◽  
Pilot Performance ◽  
Engineering Designs ◽  
Flight Deck

This article focuses on a major human factors–related issue that includes the undeniable role of cultural factors and cockpit automation and their serious impact on flight crew performance, communication, and aviation safety. The report concentrates on the flight crew performance of the Boeing 777–Asiana Airlines Flight 214 accident, by exploring issues concerning mode confusion and autothrottle systems. It also further reviews the vital role of cultural factors in aviation safety and provides a brief overview of past, related accidents. Automation progressions have been created in an attempt to design an error-free flight deck. However, to do that, the pilot must still thoroughly understand every component of the flight deck – most importantly, the automation. Otherwise, if pilots are not completely competent in terms of their automation, the slightest errors can lead to fatal accidents. As seen in the case of Asiana Flight 214, even though engineering designs and pilot training have greatly evolved over the years, there are many cultural, design, and communication factors that affect pilot performance. It is concluded that aviation systems designers, in cooperation with pilots and regulatory bodies, should lead the strategic effort of systematically addressing the serious issues of cockpit automation, human factors, and cultural issues, including their interactions, which will certainly lead to better solutions for safer flights.

Mock Trial: Role of Human Factors in Litigation Involving an Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Kalsher ◽  
Caroline G.L. Cao ◽  
Matt Weinger ◽  
Alison Vredenburgh ◽  
Ed Israelski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Automated External Defibrillator ◽  
Mock Trial ◽  
External Defibrillator

Research on the influence of relation embeddedness on innovation performance of manufacturing supply chain alliances using expert fuzzy rule –intermediary role of shared mental model

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Guo Lifang ◽  
Cui Yuwen ◽  
Wu Yamin ◽  
Ma Jiaqi
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Fuzzy Rule ◽  
Innovation Performance ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Shared Mental Model ◽  
Rule Based System ◽  
Manufacturing Supply Chain ◽  
Intermediary Role

The innovation and development of manufacturing supply chain alliance is an important way for enterprises to meet the increasing market demand and maintain the competitive advantage. From the perspective of embeddedness, the research model of relation embeddedness on innovation performance of manufacturing supply chain was constructed based on AMOS. Shared mental model was selected as intermediary variable to study the influence of relation embeddedness, shared mental model and innovation performance of manufacturing supply chain alliances. Expert fuzzy rule based system is utilized for measuring the performance of manufacturing supply chain alliances. The conclusion shows that relation embeddedness is significantly positive shared mental model and innovation performance. Shared mental model is positively affects alliance innovation performance and plays a part of intermediary role between relational embedding and alliance innovation performance. Practice implicates that enhance the level of relation embeddedness can promote the formation of shared mental model and improve the innovation performance of manufacturing supply chain alliance.

The Small Mammal Project: Engaging Students as Scientists

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-206
Author(s):  
Erika V. Iyengar ◽  
Paul T. Meier ◽  
Rachel E. Hamelers
Keyword(s):  
College Courses ◽  
Scientific Process ◽  
Scientific Creativity ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Dissemination Of Results ◽  
Scientific Questions

This article describes a sustained, student-driven, inquiry-based set of activities meant to illuminate the scientific process from the initial scientific questions to oral dissemination of results. It is appropriate for science majors and nonmajors, advanced high school through upper-level college courses. Involving students in hands-on, self-driven investigations will allow them to see the challenges of quantitative scientific investigations, and the role of scientific creativity in experimental design and interpretation. This project allows a large group of students to engage in the type of research project often only available to students working one-on-one with instructors or in research labs. This activity requires skeletons of multiple species of small mammals, but there are many ways to alter the project to suit available resources. We expect that students involved in hands-on, self-directed scientific investigations early in their academic careers are less likely to view science as a mere accumulation of facts and more likely to be empowered to participate later in more sustained scientific investigations.

China's New Foreign Policy Team

2013 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Lance L P GORE
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Defining Moment ◽  
Hands On ◽  
International Role ◽  
The Military

The new foreign policy team is more professional and with an Asian focus than its older counterpart. Although still fragmented, it may have stronger leadership and better coordination. This is critically important because China is at a defining moment as to its international role. Xi Jinping's closer ties with the military and his hands-on style may encourage assertive nationalism and more active role of the military in foreign affairs.

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