Separatism in the Eastern Provinces of the German Reich at the End of the First World War

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Schattkowsky
Naharaim ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Kirchner

AbstractThis article deals with Richard Lichtheim’s (1885–1963) successful diplomatic negotiations on behalf of the persecuted Jewish community in Palestine during the First World War. Between 1913 and 1917 the Berlin-born emissary represented the Zionist Organization in Constantinople. Here, his top priority eventually became to win the political support of the Great Powers in order to protect the Yishuv against the harassment of the Turkish authorities, who occasionally threatened the existence of the Jewish settlements in Palestine. Thanks to Lichtheim’s relentless efforts, both the German Reich and the United States repeatedly exerted their influence on the Sublime Porte and thus prevented the expulsion of the Jewish population of Palestine. This article sheds light on a forgotten chapter of Jewish diplomacy. It introduces Richard Licht­heim as an important policymaker during the First World War and shows how he succeeded in winning over both the German and American ambassadors as influential advocates for the Jewish community in Palestine.


2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-224
Author(s):  
Niels Werber

Abstract. This contribution of a literary scholar to the history of geopolitics argues for the consideration of literary sources as constituents of the „classical“ geopolitical discourse (Ratzel, Kjellén, Haushofer). It exemplifies this claim by revealing the geopolitical components through which Gustav Freytag's novel Soll und Haben (Debit and Credit, Freytag, 1855, 1858) creates spaces, civilizations, and stories. Approaching these issues from the perspective of literary history and the history of knowledge, this paper turns to Freytag's novel to examine whether the literature of the period of the so-called „bourgeois“ or „poetic“ realism belongs to the genealogy of German political geography and geopolitics and how to study its impact on their increasingly manifest political program after the beginning of the First World War. Especially the establishment of the topos of the „Volk ohne Raum“ (people without space) in the east of the German Reich and the reorientation of geopolitics „gen Osten“ (toward the east) in the early twentieth century find a highly compatible antecedent in Soll und Haben.


2000 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
R. Soloviy

In the history of religious organizations of Western Ukraine in the 20-30th years of the XX century. The activity of such an early protestant denominational formation as the Ukrainian Evangelical-Reformed Church occupies a prominent position. Among UCRC researchers there are several approaches to the preconditions for the birth of the Ukrainian Calvinistic movement in Western Ukraine. In particular, O. Dombrovsky, studying the historical preconditions for the formation of the UREC in Western Ukraine, expressed the view that the formation of the Calvinist cell should be considered in the broad context of the Ukrainian national revival of the 19th and 20th centuries, a new assessment of the religious factor in public life proposed by the Ukrainian radical activists ( M. Drahomanov, I. Franko, M. Pavlik), and significant socio-political, national-cultural and spiritual shifts caused by the events of the First World War. Other researchers of Ukrainian Calvinism, who based their analysis on the confessional-polemical approach (I.Vlasovsky, M.Stepanovich), interpreted Protestantism in Ukraine as a product of Western cultural and religious influences, alien to Ukrainian spirituality and culture.


2020 ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Magdalena Strąk

The work aims to show a peculiar perspective of looking at photographs taken on the eve of the broadly understood disaster, which is specified in a slightly different way in each of the literary texts (Stefan Chwin’s autobiographical novel Krótka historia pewnego żartu [The brief history of a certain joke], a poem by Ryszard Kapuściński Na wystawie „Fotografia chłopów polskich do 1944 r.” [At an exhibition “The Polish peasants in photographs to 1944”] and Wisława Szymborska’s Fotografia z 11 września [Photograph from September 11]) – as death in a concentration camp, a general concept of the First World War or a terrorist attack. Upcoming tragic events – of which the photographed people are not yet aware – become for the subsequent recipient an inseparable element of reality contained in the frame. For the later observers, privileged with time perspective, the characters captured in the photograph are already victims of the catastrophe, which in reality was not yet recorded by the camera. It is a work about coexistence of the past and future in the field of photography.


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