scholarly journals ‘An open secret’: Public housing and downward raiding in Rio de Janeiro

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802096443
Author(s):  
Jeff Garmany ◽  
John Burdick
Keyword(s):  
Public Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Private Housing ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Low Income Housing

This article examines a case of urban displacement currently underway in central Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In some respects, this case represents a classic example of what researchers call ‘downward raiding’: a type of urban displacement whereby low-income housing is exploited by higher-income groups. Yet, in other respects, it also raises important questions about the ways urban displacement happens in public housing, as well as how downward raiding operates on the ground in cities. By exploring these questions, this article aims to accomplish two goals: first, to investigate an overlooked and often hidden form of urban displacement that, in this case, coincides with a large-scale, public–private housing initiative; and, second, to critically interrogate the concept of downward raiding in order to better understand and define the process. It is argued that by placing greater emphasis on how, empirically speaking, urban displacement happens, researchers may gain new insight into diverse forms of urban displacement in cities around the world.

Planetary gentrification and urban (re)development

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta Lees
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?

New Trends in Interaction of Developed and Developing Countries in Innovation Sphere

2012 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
A. Eroshkin ◽  
M. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Capacity ◽  
Transnational Corporations ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Adaptive Nature

The economic and innovative rise of the developing states stimulated a deep restructuring of the existing system of international relations in science and technology sphere. As the article points, one of the main manifestations of this trend can be seen in the transformation of global innovation strategies of transnational corporations. The world’s largest TNCs, mostly based in the industrial nations, have begun to transfer growing segments and parts of their R&D programs to the developing countries in order to take advantage of their increased research capacity. As a result, the nature of the projects being implemented there by the TNCs is changing. Historically, the TNCs’ local R&D activities were of adaptive nature. Namely, the stress was made on modification of the products and services offered by the TNCS globally to the specifics of local markets. Currently, a growing number of transnational corporations are implementing the large-scale programs in the developing countries aimed at designing new types of products, including those targeted at the low-income groups of consumers that make up the bulk of the population in developing countries.

Global Domestic Workers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Marchetti ◽  
Daniela Cherubini ◽  
Giulia Garofalo Geymonat
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
South America ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
The Eu

EPDF and EPUB available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. Drawing from the EU-funded DomEQUAL research project across nine countries in Europe, South America and Asia, this comparative study explores the conditions of domestic workers around the world and the campaigns they are conducting to improve their labour rights. The book showcases how domestic workers’ movements put ‘intersectionality in action’ in repre-senting the interest of various marginalized social groups from migrants and low-income groups to racialized and rural girls and women. This will be an invaluable for scholars, policy makers and activists alike.

scholarly journals Affordability of water supply in Mongolia: empirical lessons for measuring affordability

Water Policy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Gawel ◽  
Katja Sigel ◽  
Wolfgang Bretschneider
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Household Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Residual Income Approach ◽  
Insight Into

Affordability of water services is a pressing water policy issue for both the developed and, in particular, for the developing world. Despite its well-known theoretical shortcomings, affordability analysis of water supply has, up to now, been widely based on the ratio of a household's water expenditure to its income, the Conventional Affordability Ratio (CAR). However, in the housing sector, alternative concepts for measuring affordability have been developed, among them being the ‘Potential Affordability Approach’ (PAA) and the ‘Residual Income Approach’ (RIA). Against this background, this paper compares these three prominent affordability measures (CAR, PAA, RIA) on the basis of an empirical case study of a peri-urban, low-income area in the second largest Mongolian city of Darkhan, using household data from a survey conducted in 2009. Thus we gain insight into both the water-related affordability situation of people in Mongolia, checking the World Bank's finding of an absence of water affordability problems in peri-urban areas in the Mongolian capital Ulaanbaatar, as well as into the comparative functionality of different affordability measures. It is shown that affordability problems do occur but have to be distinguished depending on the economic causation. We argue that none of the regarded measures give a satisfyingly contoured notion of affordability properly distinguished from the adjacent problems of poverty and access.

scholarly journals The Carbon Inequality Era: An assessment of the global distribution of consumption emissions among individuals from 1990 to 2015 and beyond

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sivan Kartha ◽  
Eric Kemp-Benedict ◽  
Emily Ghosh ◽  
Anna Nazareth ◽  
Tim Gore
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
National Income ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Global Carbon Budget ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
Insight Into

In the 25 years from 1990 to 2015, annual global carbon emissions grew by 60%, approximately doubling total global cumulative emissions. This has brought the world perilously close to exceeding 2°C of warming, and it is now on the verge of exceeding 1.5°C. This paper examines the starkly different contributions of different income groups to carbon emissions in this period. It draws on new data that provides much improved insight into global and national income inequality, combined with national consumption emissions over this 25-year period, to provide an analysis relating emissions to income levels for the populations of 117 countries. Future scenarios of carbon inequality are also presented based on different possible trajectories of economic growth and carbon emissions, highlighting the challenge of ensuring a more equitable distribution of the remaining and rapidly diminishing global carbon budget.

Medium-Term Impacts of Access to Daycare on School Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from Rio de Janeiro

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Carneiro ◽  
Sofía Castro Vargas ◽  
Yyannú Cruz-Aguayo ◽  
Gregory Elacqua ◽  
Nicolás Fuertes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Attrition Rates ◽  
Daycare Centers ◽  
Enrollment Rates ◽  
The City ◽  
Academic Year

In this document we analyze the impacts of a large-scale intervention that provided access to daycare centers for children in low-income neighborhoods in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Our results suggest that the intervention had a positive impact on enrollment rates and on the number of years children were enrolled to daycare during early childhood. We also find that winning the lottery had a positive effect on how regularly children attended primary school during the academic year. Because of the high attrition rates in the sample, we are unable to conclude whether the lottery had a positive impact on medium-term academic outcomes like standardized tests scores and overall grades.

The Tortuous Road from St. Thomas to River Garden

2018 ◽  
pp. 88-127
Author(s):  
Lawrence J. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Public Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Hope Vi ◽  
Tax Credit ◽  
Housing Project ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Market Rate ◽  
Large Families ◽  
Mixed Income ◽  
Low Income Housing

Chapter 4 follows the tortuous course that led St. Thomas to its redevelopment, revealing the machinations of a governance constellation centered on the prerogatives of the Big Developer. Starting in the late 1980s, the struggling housing project had multiple suitors eager to launch a transformation. The redevelopment effort faced a long series of false starts and endured multiple lawsuits and setbacks. Eventually, championed by maverick developer Pres Kabacoff, this yielded the mixed-income community of River Garden, completed in phases between 2001 and 2009. Although the initial HOPE VI application had proposed a majority of low-income housing on the site, subsequent proposals shifted to plans emphasizing market-rate and tax-credit housing plus a Walmart supercenter, with additional scattered-site public housing for large families promised but never constructed. Eventually, however, market conditions soured and the actual development that got built has far less market-rate housing than this midcourse correction had sought to deliver.

Transit Fare Affordability: Findings From a Qualitative Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis F. Perrotta
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
The Many ◽  
Fare Evasion ◽  
The Welfare State

Low-income groups use transit in greater numbers than others. There is little scholarship, however, about how they afford the fare. Using interviews with 25 low-income residents and 15 transportation and social service professionals, this study provides a complex description of fare affordability. It finds that low-income riders are often unable to pay for trips that fulfill daily necessities and discretionary purposes. They manage to travel by evading the fare, exploiting free transfers, forgoing goods, borrowing, and using free fare cards provided by agents of the welfare state. Professionals are largely unaware of the many ways that riders regularly compensate for low funds including the large-scale interventions made by the welfare state into public transportation. Fare evasion enforcement and pricing can pose challenges to low-income riders. By incorporating knowledge on the role that welfare plays in enabling low-income ridership, policy makers can expand access to transit for low-income riders.

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