Cross-cultural differences in children's emotional reactions to a disappointing situation

Cross-cultural differences in emotional expressions following disappointment were examined in 59 Chinese American (CA) and 58 European American (EA) children. Children aged four or seven participated in a disappointing gift situation. Dimensions of expressive behaviors following disappointment were coded and included positive, negative, social monitoring, and tension behaviors. Significant main effects emerged for ethnicity and age, with EA children and older children demonstrating more positive behaviors than CA children and younger children, respectively. Younger children also demonstrated significantly more negative behaviors than older children. This main effect was qualified by a nearly significant age by ethnicity interaction, indicating developmental differences in the negative expressions for the EA group, but not for the CA group. Among the CA group, child adaptation of Western values was inversely associated with negative expressions, and a positive trend was found for positive expressions. Statistical trends were also found in which boys demonstrated more negative behaviors than girls and in which EA children demonstrated more total expressive behaviors than CA children. Implications of these findings are discussed with regard to cultural and familial processes, as well as cultural variation in children's cognitions about emotions.

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A Cross-Cultural Review of Workplace Deviance Research

Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development - Analyzing Workplace Deviance in Modern Organizations ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-9996-8.ch002 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 23-46

Author(s):

Selcen Kılıçaslan Gökoğlu ◽

Engin Bağış Öztürk

Keyword(s):

Cultural Differences ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Workplace Deviance ◽

Future Research ◽

Moderator Variable ◽

Negative Behaviors ◽

Deviant Behaviors ◽

Cross Cultural Differences ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Future Research Directions

In the last two decades, workplace deviance becomes one of the most important topics to understand negative behaviors at work. However, many of the studies that examine deviance take a universal perspective and undermine cross-cultural differences. To address this gap, this chapter focuses on cross-cultural differences and its relationship with deviant workplace behaviors. The authors claim that cross-cultural differences can play an important role as an antecedent and/or moderator variable in influencing deviant behaviors. In order to discuss these effects, they first summarize recent developments in individualism-collectivism, tightness-looseness, and honor cultures. Based on their interpretations, target-oriented deviance might be highly contextualized in collectivist cultures, form of deviance and contents of deviance could be different from honor to dignity cultures. In addition, deviant behaviors as responses to specific events might differ whether a person belongs in a tight culture or not. The implications of our arguments and future research directions are discussed.

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Enhanced Cognitive Flexibility in the Seminomadic Himba

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology ◽

10.1177/0022022118806581 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 47-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Sarah M. Pope ◽

Joël Fagot ◽

Adrien Meguerditchian ◽

David A. Washburn ◽

William D. Hopkins

Keyword(s):

Cultural Differences ◽

Cognitive Flexibility ◽

Educational Background ◽

Strategy Use ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Cognitive Set ◽

Cultural Variation ◽

Solution Strategy ◽

Viable Option ◽

Cross Cultural Differences

Through codified rule-use, humans can accurately solve many problems. Yet, mechanized strategies can also be costly. After adopting a solution strategy, humans often become blind to alternatives, even when those alternatives are more efficient. Termed cognitive set, this failure to switch from a familiar strategy to a better alternative has been considered universally human. Yet, our understanding of this phenomenon is derived almost exclusively from Western subjects. In this study, we used the nonverbal Learned Strategy–Direct Strategy (LS-DS) touchscreen task in which subjects are presented with an opportunity to use either a learned strategy or a more efficient, but novel, shortcut. We found that the remote, seminomadic Himba of northern Namibia exhibited enhanced shortcut-use on the LS-DS task, challenging the claim that cognitive set affects humans universally. In addition, we found that altering subjects’ conceptualization of the shortcut as a viable option significantly enhanced its subsequent use in Western but not Himba participants. We discuss how other aspects of cultural variation, namely, environmental uncertainty and educational background, might contribute to the observed cross-cultural differences in flexible strategy-use.

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Enhanced cognitive flexibility in the semi-nomadic Himba

10.31219/osf.io/ta9jv ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sarah Pope ◽

Joel Fagot ◽

Adrien Meguerditchian ◽

David Washburn ◽

William D. Hopkins

Keyword(s):

Cultural Differences ◽

Cognitive Flexibility ◽

Educational Background ◽

Strategy Use ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Cognitive Set ◽

Cultural Variation ◽

Solution Strategy ◽

Viable Option ◽

Cross Cultural Differences

Through codified rule-use humans can accurately solve many problems. Yet, mechanized strategies can also be costly. After adopting a solution strategy, humans often become blind to alternatives, even when those alternatives are more efficient. Termed cognitive set, this failure to switch from a familiar strategy to a better alternative has been considered universally human. Yet, our understanding of this phenomenon is derived almost exclusively from Western subjects. In this study, we used the nonverbal Learned Strategy-Direct Strategy (LS-DS) touch screen task in which subjects are presented with an opportunity to either use a learned strategy or a more efficient, but novel, shortcut. We found that the remote, seminomadic Himba of northern Namibia exhibited enhanced shortcut-use on the LS-DS task, challenging the claim that cognitive set affects humans universally. Additionally, we found that altering subjects’ conceptualization of the shortcut as a viable option significantly enhanced its subsequent use in Western but not Himba participants. We discuss how other aspects of cultural variation, namely environmental uncertainty and educational background, might contribute to the observed cross-cultural differences in flexible strategy-use.

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Cross-Cultural Differences in Adolescents' Perceptions of Their Grandparents

The International Journal of Aging and Human Development ◽

10.2190/9ybt-nuew-aq5b-al9p ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 221-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Helena Hurme

Keyword(s):

Cultural Differences ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Older Children ◽

Cross Cultural Differences ◽

Contact Frequency ◽

Polish Study ◽

The Two Cultures ◽

New Finding ◽

And Gender ◽

Personality Features

Partial results from a larger Finnish-Polish study on the relations between grandchildren, parents, and grandparents are presented here. The results are based on a content analysis of essays written by 731 Finnish and Polish adolescents between eleven and twenty-one. Older children used more abstract descriptions, girls mentioned more personality features and feelings than boys, and grandmothers, especially maternal grandmothers were described in the most positive terms. The central new finding was that there are highly significant cross-cultural differences in the descriptions of grandparents: the Poles describe them in more abstract terms even after controlling for age and gender. Polish adolescents make more mention of their feelings, their personality, and their skills as well as of emotional/intellectual input from them; they use more positive terms than do the Finns, but make less mention of activities and appearance. These differences between the two cultures are mediated by contact frequency, which through its working on the proximal level enables co-construction of the relationship and the transmission of interactional styles.

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Cognitive Organization of Cultural Values: Cross-Cultural Analysis of Data from Sweden and the usa

Journal of Cognition and Culture ◽

10.1163/15685373-12342123 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (3-4) ◽

pp. 235-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kateryna Maltseva

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Cultural Differences ◽

Traditional Approach ◽

Cultural Analysis ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Cultural Variation ◽

Quantitative Methodology ◽

Quantitative Evidence ◽

Individual Level ◽

Cross Cultural Differences

A considerable body of data has been amassed to explain values structure and transmission. Values dimensions have been extracted and compared across societies in a number of values studies, many of which use quantitative methodology. However, there is little quantitative evidence of significant cross-cultural variation in values. This counterintuitive outcome has given rise to a doubt if an effective quantified comparison of values across societies is possible. The major reason for this objection to use quantitative techniques in cross-cultural values research is the loss of culture-specific meaning in quantitative procedures. Using ratings data from two American and Swedish samples the present research demonstrates that it is possible to compare values data and detect meaningful cross-cultural differences in values across societies, provided that several conceptual alterations in the instrument are made. Namely, it is proposed that collective- and individual level constructs should be separated when the informants are asked about their values. The traditional approach to values as implicitly individual construct is critiqued. The paper proposes to distinguish formulations of individual-level values items (that are more closely associated with personal projects and conative aspects) from formulations of cultural-identity relevant collective-level values items (which are acquired in more uniform processes of social learning and institutionalization). When elicitation of values considers this distinction during data collection, the depression of cross-cultural differences in values disappears.

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Cognitive gadgets: A provocative but flawed manifesto

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19001134 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marco Del Giudice

Keyword(s):

Theory Of Mind ◽

Cultural Differences ◽

Twin Studies ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Evolutionary Approach ◽

Genetic Inheritance ◽

Double Standards ◽

Cross Cultural Differences ◽

Cherry Picking ◽

Dichotomous Thinking

Abstract The argument against innatism at the heart of Cognitive Gadgets is provocative but premature, and is vitiated by dichotomous thinking, interpretive double standards, and evidence cherry-picking. I illustrate my criticism by addressing the heritability of imitation and mindreading, the relevance of twin studies, and the meaning of cross-cultural differences in theory of mind development. Reaching an integrative understanding of genetic inheritance, plasticity, and learning is a formidable task that demands a more nuanced evolutionary approach.

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