Reference centiles based on year-to-year changes for a longitudinal evaluation of motor performance in children and adolescents

Objectives The aim was to evaluate the longitudinal course of motor skills development in children with a view to improve the understanding of intra-individual variance. Previous publications have been based on cross-sectional data or analyzed longitudinal studies in a cross-sectional manner. Design Longitudinal. Year-to-year change. Methods The present study is based on motor function data collected in the LIFE Child study (Germany). The participants (6 to 17 years) completed parts of the motor tests according to the standard of the German Motor Performance Test 6–18 (DMT). For a total of 1653 participants, 4616 motor tests with an annual interval in the period 2011 to 2019 were included in the evaluation. Results We were able to produce gender and age-specific change centiles for the test items standing long jump, jumping sideways, push-ups, stand and reach and balancing walking backwards. Each set of centiles revealed a range of variability in motor development in children and adolescents, with distinct progressive patterns in the different test items and different genders. The supplied tables offer an indication of expected year-to-year change for each test item depending on age and gender. Depending on the test item and the mean age, a deterioration in test results after a one-year interval was observed, despite cross-sectional centiles showing an upward trend. Conclusion We present a user-friendly tool as a way to assess individual dynamic changes in motor development of children and adolescents. In combination with the well-known cross-sectional centiles as baseline, this can be helpful for the scientific evaluation of motor skills tests and can also be used in school settings.

Is Motor Milestone Assessment in Infancy Valid and Scaled Equally Across Sex, Birth Weight, and Gestational Age? Findings From the Millennium Cohort Study

Is the assessment of motor milestones valid and scaled equivalently for all infants? It is not only important to understand if the way we use gross and fine motor scores are appropriate for monitoring motor milestones but also to determine if these scores are confounded by specific infant characteristics. Therefore, the aim of the study is to investigate the latent structure underlying motor milestone assessment in infancy and measurement invariance across sex, birth weight, and gestational age. For this study, the birth cohort data from the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) was used, which includes the assessment of eight motor milestone tasks from the Denver Developmental Screening Test in 9-month-old infants (N = 18,531), depicting early motor development of the first children of generation Z. Confirmatory factor analyses showed a better model fit for a two-factor structure (i.e., gross and fine motor development) compared to a one-factor structure (i.e., general motor development), and multiple indicators multiple causes modeling revealed no differential item functioning related to sex, birth weight, and gestational age. The study provides support for the use of gross and fine motor scores when assessing motor milestones in infants—both boys and girls with different birth weights and of varying gestational ages. Further investigation into widely adopted assessment tools is recommended to support the use of valid composite scores in early childhood research and practice.

Adding up fine motor skills: developmental relations between manual dexterity and numerical abilities

We explore the relationship between mathematical skills and motor skills across three age groups of normally developing children. The existence of such a relationship is postulated in classical accounts of human development. In contemporary research, the existence of a relationship between motor development and the development of abstract concepts may form a crucial piece of evidence for theories of embodied cognition. Existing studies suggest a link between fine motor skills and various numerical and mathematical tasks in young children; however, there are few attempts to measure the strength of this relationship across different ages. We use a cross-sectional design to investigate the link between fine motor and mathematical skills in children in Kindergarten, 2nd grade, and 4th grade. The results show that correlational patterns vary in the three ages; while in Kindergarten manual dexterity of the dominant hand is related to math skills, in 2nd grade the manual dexterity of the nondominant hand is related to math skills, and finally, in 4th grade no such correlations are observable.

A 22q11.2-microdeletiós szindróma klinikai jellemzői

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A sokszínű tünetspektrummal jellemezhető DiGeorge-szindróma leggyakoribb oka a 22q11.2-microdeletio; incidenciája 1/4000–6000. Célkitűzés: A DiGeorge-szindrómára gyanús hazai betegcsoport 22q11.2-microdeletióval társult tüneteinek/panaszainak részletes feltérképezése, a betegség incidenciájának becslése és egy magyarországi 22q11.2-microdeletiós szindróma regiszter létrehozása. Módszer: 2005 és 2019 között a Semmelweis Egyetem II. Gyermekgyógyászati Klinikájára DiGeorge-szindróma gyanújával beutalt és a Veleszületett Rendellenességek Országos Nyilvántartása által regisztrált DiGeorge-szindrómás betegek adatait dolgoztuk fel. A fenotípusjegyeket a Humán Fenotípus Ontológia kódrendszer alapján határoztuk meg. Eredmények: A vizsgálatba 114, igazolt DiGeorge-szindrómás és 113, FISH-vizsgálattal microdeletiót nem hordozó, de klinikailag a DiGeorge-szindróma tüneteit mutató beteget vontunk be. A diagnózis felállításakor a betegek átlagéletkora 5,88 (± 9,66 SD) év volt, eddig a betegek 54,9%-a legalább egy szívműtéten átesett. A betegek leggyakoribb tünetei a kamrai sövényhiány, a mélyen ülő fülek, a gótikus szájpad, a motoros fejlődési elmaradás és a visszatérő fertőzések voltak. Megbeszélés: A DiGeorge-szindróma becsült incidenciája hazánkban 1/12 500, közöttük magas a többszörösen veszélyeztetett újszülöttek és a műtéti korrekcióra szorulók aránya. A diagnózis hazánkban 2–3 évvel korábban történik a nemzetközi átlaghoz viszonyítva. Következtetés: A létrehozott regiszterünk alapján Magyarországon a kórkép aluldiagnosztizált. Minden conotruncalis szívfejlődési rendellenesség vagy jelentős kamrai sövényhiány esetén citogenetikai vizsgálat javasolt a DiGeorge-szindróma felmerülő gyanúja miatt. Negatív lelet esetén az atípusos töréspontú microdeletiók azonosítására komparatív genomiális hibridizáció vagy multiplex ligatiofüggő próbaamplifikációs vizsgálat javasolt. A betegek számára multidiszciplináris ellátás szükséges, III-as progresszivitási szintű újszülött intenzív részlegen, gyermekkardiológus és klinikai genetikus részvételével. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(1): 21–30. Summary. Introduction: The 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome is the most common cause of DiGeorge syndrome, showing a wide phenotypic spectrum and has an estimated incidence of 1/4000–6000 livebirths. Objective: Detailed characterization of the clinical signs/symptoms associated with 22q11.2 deletion, estimation of the national incidence via establishing a Hungarian register. Method: Retrospective data between 2005 and 2019 from the 2nd Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis University and from national database of congenital anomalies were obtained. Phenotypic abnormalities were described using the Human Phenotype Ontology nomenclature. Results: A cohort of 114 DiGeorge patients and 113 patients negative for FISH testing were included. The mean age of patients at diagnosis was 5.88 (± 9.66 SD) years and 54.9% of patients had at least one heart surgery until diagnosis. The main identified symptoms were ventricular septal defect, low-set ears, recurrent infections, high narrow palate and motor development delay. Discussion: The estimated incidence of DiGeorge syndrome in Hungary is 1/12 500 births, the frequency of infants at high risk and in need for surgery is high. Diagnosis is established 2–3 years earlier as compared to the international average. Conclusion: Based on the established Hungarian register, the incidence is lower compared to international data. In the case of conotruncal heart anomaly and ventricular septal defects, cytogenetic testing is recommended for the increased probability of DiGeorge syndrome. For second-tier testing, comparative genome hybridization or multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification are recommended to identify atypical microdeletions. Newborns with DiGeorge syndrome require special care in perinatal intensive centers including pediatric cardiology and genetic counseling. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(1): 21–30.

Neuropsychomotor development in children born preterm at 6 and 12 months of corrected gestational age

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the incidence of neuropsychomotor developmental delay at 6 and 12 months of corrected gestational age in children born at 32 gestational weeks or less. Methods: A descriptive and prospective study was carried out at two public maternity hospitals. Between April 2017 and January 2019, we assessed 133 children without any known risk factors for neuropsychomotor developmental delay. The Bayley III scale was used to evaluate cognitive and motor development. The p value of the numerical variables was calculated using the Mann-Whitney test, whereas proportions of categorical variables were compared using the Z-test. Results: The mean maternal age was 26±6.9 years,78.8% were from middle and lower economic classes, and 57.1% of the analyzed children were female. Children presented with a higher incidence of delay at 12 months than at 6 months (10.3 and 2.3% at 12 and 6 months, respectively, for the cognitive score; 22.7 and 12% at 12 and 6 months, respectively, for the composite motor score; and 24.7 and 8.4% at 12 and 6 months, respectively, for the fine motor score). Conclusions: Cognitive and motor developmental delays were significant, with the highest incidence at 12 months. The results of this study encourage further research on this topic, since the exclusion criteria were comprehensive and the delays in neuropsychomotor development were significant.

Risk Factors for Subtypes of Children with Speech Sound Disorders Classified by Linguistic Symptoms

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate 22 risk factors for speech sound disorders (SSDs) and to find out whether there are differences in risk factors for each subtype of SSDs of Dodd’s model.Methods: Sixty-two children with SSDs aged 3-9 years participated in the study, and 22 risk factors reported in literature were investigated through parental interviews and a nonverbal intelligibility test. Children with SSDs were divided into children with articulation disorders, phonological delays, and consistent/inconsistent phonological disorders.Results: As a result of the principal component analysis, 22 risk factors were classified into 1) language and gross motor development, 2) gender and early development, 3) otitis media with effusion, 4) socioeconomic status, and 5) family history. Among all risk factors, only general developmental delay around 2 years of age showed a significantly different frequency among subtypes of SSDs.Conclusion: This study directly investigated the risk factors of children with SSDs and classified a number of risk factors into five categories. This study suggests that if children show early general developmental delays, they should be closely monitored and early evaluation and interventions should be planned.

The Level Of Motivation Parents To Involve Their Children In Cycling Activities

Every parent's motivation for their child must be different and varied, but all of them are positive things for a child's development. In this pandemic era too, there are many sports activities carried out by various regions and various groups in Indonesia. One of them is the participation of their children from the age of 6 to 15 years, with boys and girls, and their ideal body weight in cycling activities. In this study, the authors examined a cycling activity as well as many parents who accompanied their children from the beginning to the end of the activity. The purpose of the study was to analyze the level of motivation of parents to involve their children in cycling sports activities. Descriptive quantitative research methods and data analysis using analysis with Likert scale calculation techniques. The results of this study indicate that 66.7%% of parents do cycling activities only to fill useful free time, 29.2% indicate for motor development, and 12.5% ​​to increase body immunity. It can be concluded that the level of motivation of parents to involve their children in cycling activities to fill their spare time is included in the important category (66.7%).

Keefektivan Pembelajaran Secara Online Terhadap Perkembangan Fisik Motorik Anak

The problem in this research is that in the online learning process the teachercannot monitor the physical development of the child's motor skills, because children studyat home and at home, the children cannot freely leave the house to play or go recreation.As a result, many parents think that playing cellphones is the main solution. The purposeof this study was to determine the effectiveness of online learning on motoric physicaldevelopment. The benefits of this research are expected to provide insight, boththeoretically and practically, for researchers in accordance with the focus of the researchbeing carried out. This research is a descriptive study, while the research information is asource of reference as well as previous research. Data collection was carried out by meansof observation, interview and documentation techniques. The instrument used by theresearcher was a physical motor indicator. Data analysts use an interactive analysis modelby collecting data, reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The results ofresearch on children's physical motor development during online learning have decreased.