Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a young child infected with avian influenza A (H9N2) virus in China

Three cases of the avian influenza A (H9N2) virus have been documented in Changsha, which is a large city that has nine districts and a population of 7.04 million in central South China. Among these patients, one was a girl and two were boys. The ages of the patients were 9 months, 2 years, and 15 years. Two cases of H9N2 were detected in September, 2015 and one was detected in 2017. Two patients were children who had not reached the age for kindergarten and one was a student. These three cases were all mild and were detected in a sentinel hospital of the Chinese Influenza Surveillance System. We describe the clinical and epidemiological features of the youngest patient with H9N2 in 2017 and the surveillance results of the H9N2 virus in live poultry markets in Changsha. From January 2014 to December 2017, 4212 samples were collected in live poultry markets in Changsha, among which 25.81% (1087/4212) were H9N2-positive. Public health concerns should be addressed for emerging H9N2 virus infection, and more strategies should be performed before this virus mutates to be more transmissible and highly pathogenic.

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus Clade 2.3.4.4h in Wild Birds and Live Poultry Markets, Bangladesh

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

10.3201/eid2709.210819 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (9) ◽

pp. 2492-2494

Author(s):

Jasmine C.M. Turner ◽

Subrata Barman ◽

Mohammed M. Feeroz ◽

M. Kamrul Hasan ◽

Sharmin Akhtar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Live Poultry ◽

Live Poultry Markets

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Will China’s H7N9 Control Strategy Continue to Be Effective?

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz258 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Guo-Lin Wang ◽

Gregory C Gray ◽

Ji-Ming Chen ◽

Mai-Juan Ma

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Control Strategy ◽

Influenza A ◽

Human Infection ◽

H7n9 Virus ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Live Poultry ◽

Live Poultry Markets

Abstract Since the first outbreak of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China in early 2013, several interventions to control the transmission of H7N9 virus from poultry to humans have been implemented. Temporarily closing live poultry markets reduced the risk of human infection to an extent, but it did not prevent the spread of the H7N9 virus among poultry, and this spread eventually led to more human cases. Nevertheless, the mass vaccination of poultry after September 2017 has been highly effective in preventing the H7N9 virus infection in both poultry and humans. In light of the emergence of highly pathogenic H7N9 and H7N2 viruses in unimmunized ducks, vaccination among poultry, especially for ducks, should be accompanied with continued surveillance of H7N9 variants and other avian influenza A viruses that could signal a heightened pandemic risk.

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Effect of closure of live poultry markets in China on prevention and control of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza: a case study of four cities in Jiangsu Province

Journal of Public Health Policy ◽

10.1057/s41271-019-00185-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 436-447

Author(s):

Junru Ma ◽

Nichao Yang ◽

Hai Gu ◽

Lan Bai ◽

Jun Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Influenza A ◽

Human Infection ◽

Jiangsu Province ◽

Live Poultry ◽

And Control ◽

Live Poultry Markets

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Predicting the risk of avian influenza A H7N9 infection in live-poultry markets across Asia

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/ncomms5116 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

Marius Gilbert ◽

Nick Golding ◽

Hang Zhou ◽

G. R. William Wint ◽

Timothy P. Robinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Live Poultry ◽

H7n9 Infection ◽

Live Poultry Markets

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Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian H5 Influenza A Viruses in Live Poultry Markets, Wuxi City, China, 2013−2014

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofw054 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Mai-Juan Ma ◽

Shan-Hui Chen ◽

Guo-Lin Wang ◽

Teng Zhao ◽

Yan-Hua Qian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Risk Area ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Virus Surveillance ◽

Live Poultry ◽

Pandemic Threat ◽

Wuxi City ◽

Live Poultry Markets

Abstract During 12 recent months of periodic influenza virus surveillance at 9 live poultry markets in Wuxi City China, we identified multiple highly pathogenic H5N6, H5N8, H5N2, and H5N1 avian influenza viruses. The variety of potentially pandemic viruses in this low-risk area is disconcerting and portends an increased pandemic threat.

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Interventions in live poultry markets for the control of avian influenza: A systematic review

One Health ◽

10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.03.002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 55-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Vittoria Offeddu ◽

Benjamin J. Cowling ◽

J.S. Malik Peiris

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Live Poultry ◽

Live Poultry Markets

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Genetic Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Pakistani Live Bird Markets Reveals Rapid Diversification of Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13081633 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1633

Author(s):

Muzaffar Ali ◽

Tahir Yaqub ◽

Muhammad Furqan Shahid ◽

Foong Ying Wong ◽

Nadia Mukhtar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Human Infection ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Influenza Surveillance ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Live Bird Markets ◽

Domestic Poultry ◽

Live Bird

The highly pathogenic (HPAI) avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have undergone reassortment with multiple non-N1-subtype neuraminidase genes since 2008, leading to the emergence of H5Nx viruses. H5Nx viruses established themselves quickly in birds and disseminated from China to Africa, the Middle East, Europe and North America. Multiple genetic clades have successively evolved through frequent mutations and reassortment, posing a continuous threat to domestic poultry and causing substantial economic losses. Live bird markets are recognized as major sources of avian-to-human infection and for the emergence of zoonotic influenza. In Pakistan, the A(H5N1) virus was first reported in domestic birds in 2007; however, avian influenza surveillance is limited and there is a lack of knowledge on the evolution and transmission of the A(H5) virus in the country. We collected oropharyngeal swabs from domestic poultry and environmental samples from six different live bird markets during 2018–2019. We detected and sequenced HPAI A(H5N8) viruses from two chickens, one quail and one environmental sample in two markets. Temporal phylogenetics indicated that all novel HPAI A(H5N8) viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b, with all eight genes of Pakistan A(H5N8) viruses most closely related to 2017 Saudi Arabia A(H5N8) viruses, which were likely introduced via cross-border transmission from neighboring regions approximately three months prior to virus detection into domestic poultry. Our data further revealed that clade 2.3.4.4b viruses underwent rapid lineage expansion in 2017 and acquired significant amino acid mutations, including mutations associated with increased haemagglutinin affinity to human α-2,6 receptors, prior to the first human A(H5N8) infection in Russian poultry workers in 2020. These results highlight the need for systematic avian influenza surveillance in live bird markets in Pakistan to monitor for potential A(H5Nx) variants that may arise from poultry populations.

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Emergence of human avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infections in Wenshan City in Southwest China, 2017

10.21203/rs.2.18482/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Li Jiang ◽

Xiaonan Zhao ◽

Wen Xu ◽

Xuehua Zhou ◽

Chunrui Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Human Infection ◽

Viral Gene ◽

H7n9 Virus ◽

Genetic Sequencing ◽

Live Poultry ◽

Virus Spreading ◽

Live Poultry Markets

Abstract Background: The emergence of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus was reported in Wenshan City, southwestern China in 2017. The study describes the epidemiological and virological features of the outbreak and discusses the origin of the infection. Methods: Poultry exposure and timelines of key events for each patient were collected. Samples derived from the patients, their close contacts, and environments were tested for influenza A(H7N9) virus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Genetic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were also conducted. Results: Five patients were reported in the outbreak. An epidemiological investigation showed that all patients had been exposed at live poultry markets. Virus isolates from these patients had low pathogenicity in avian species. Both epidemiological investigations of chicken sources and phylogenetic analysis of viral gene sequences indicated that the source of infection was from Guangxi Province. Conclusions: The transmission route spanned a long geographical region, with virus spreading from east to west. Chickens were an important carrier in the H7N9 virus spreading from Guangxi to Wenshan. Hygienic management of live poultry markets and virological screening of chickens transported across regions should be reinforced to limit the spread of H7N9 virus.

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